WETFIX BE (CRALANE CAR 81) DIAMINE HBG
WETFIX BE (CRALANE CAR 81)
synonyms: liquid, additive; LIQUID, ADDITIVE; LİQUİD, ADDİTİVE; ADİTİVE; ADDİT; WETFİX, BE, B,E, WET, FIX, FİX, WETFİXBE; WETFIX, BE; wetfixbe, wetfix, be; wet, fix, be; Cralane car 81; CRALANE, CAR, 81; CRLAN CAR 81; CRAL, CAR, 81; CRALAN CAR 81; cralanecar,81; Heat-Stable Adhesion Promoter; multipurpose adhesion agent for use in bitumen, road oils and cut-back binders; Bitumen binder; Asphalt Application; WETFIX BE; wetfix be; wetfxBE; WETFIX BE; WETFIXBE; DİAMİN HBG; DIAMINE HBG; diamine hbg; diamin hbg; sıvı, katkı maddesi; SIVI, KATKI; LİQUİD, KATKI; ADİTİVE; addit; WETFİX, BE, B, E, WET, DÜZELTME, FİX, WETFİXBE; WETFIX, BE; wetfixbe, wetfix, olmak; ıslak, düzeltmek; Cralane arabası 81; CRALAN, CAR, 81; CRLAN CAR 81; CRAL, CAR, 81; KRAL ARABASI 81; cralanecar, 81; Isıya Kararlı Yapışma Arttırıcısı; bitüm, yol yağları ve kesme bağlayıcılarında kullanım için çok amaçlı yapıştırma maddesi; Bitümlü bağlayıcı; Asfalt Uygulaması; WETFIX BE; ıslak düzeltme; wetfxBE; WETFIX BE; WETFIXBE; DİAMİN HBG; DIAMINE HBG; diamin hbg; diamin hbg; liquid, additive; LIQUID, ADDITIVE; LİQUİD, ADDİTİVE; ADİTİVE; ADDİT; WETFİX, BE, B,E, WET, FIX, FİX, WETFİXBE; WETFIX, BE; wetfixbe, wetfix, be; wet, fix, be; Cralane car 81; CRALANE, CAR, 81; CRLAN CAR 81; CRAL, CAR, 81; CRALAN CAR 81; cralanecar,81; Heat-Stable Adhesion Promoter; multipurpose adhesion agent for use in bitumen, road oils and cut-back binders; Bitumen binder; Asphalt Application; WETFIX BE; wetfix be; wetfxBE; WETFIX BE; WETFIXBE; DİAMİN HBG; DIAMINE HBG; diamine hbg; diamin hbg; sıvı, katkı maddesi; SIVI, KATKI; LİQUİD, KATKI; ADİTİVE; addit; WETFİX, BE, B, E, WET, DÜZELTME, FİX, WETFİXBE; WETFIX, BE; wetfixbe, wetfix, olmak; ıslak, düzeltmek; Cralane arabası 81; CRALAN, CAR, 81; CRLAN CAR 81; CRAL, CAR, 81; KRAL ARABASI 81; cralanecar, 81; Isıya Kararlı Yapışma Arttırıcısı; bitüm, yol yağları ve kesme bağlayıcılarında kullanım için çok amaçlı yapıştırma maddesi; Bitümlü bağlayıcı; Asfalt Uygulaması; WETFIX BE; ıslak düzeltme; wetfxBE; WETFIX BE; WETFIXBE; DİAMİN HBG; DIAMINE HBG; diamin hbg; diamin hbg; liquid, additive; LIQUID, ADDITIVE; LİQUİD, ADDİTİVE; ADİTİVE; ADDİT; WETFİX, BE, B,E, WET, FIX, FİX, WETFİXBE; WETFIX, BE; wetfixbe, wetfix, be; wet, fix, be; Cralane car 81; CRALANE, CAR, 81; CRLAN CAR 81; CRAL, CAR, 81; CRALAN CAR 81; cralanecar,81; Heat-Stable Adhesion Promoter; multipurpose adhesion agent for use in bitumen, road oils and cut-back binders; Bitumen binder; Asphalt Application; WETFIX BE; wetfix be; wetfxBE; WETFIX BE; WETFIXBE; DİAMİN HBG; DIAMINE HBG; diamine hbg; diamin hbg; sıvı, katkı maddesi; SIVI, KATKI; LİQUİD, KATKI; ADİTİVE; addit; WETFİX, BE, B, E, WET, DÜZELTME, FİX, WETFİXBE; WETFIX, BE; wetfixbe, wetfix, olmak; ıslak, düzeltmek; Cralane arabası 81; CRALAN, CAR, 81; CRLAN CAR 81; CRAL, CAR, 81; KRAL ARABASI 81; cralanecar, 81; Isıya Kararlı Yapışma Arttırıcısı; bitüm, yol yağları ve kesme bağlayıcılarında kullanım için çok amaçlı yapıştırma maddesi; Bitümlü bağlayıcı; Asfalt Uygulaması; WETFIX BE; ıslak düzeltme; wetfxBE; WETFIX BE; WETFIXBE; DİAMİN HBG; DIAMINE HBG; diamin hbg; diamin hbg;
WETFIX BE, iyi ısı stabilitesinin gerekli olduğu sıcak karışım asfalt için özel olarak tasarlanmış bir sıvı katkı maddesidir. WETFIX BE, kayda değer etkinlik kaybı olmadan, 170 ° C'ye kadar olan sıcaklıklarda 5 güne kadar sıcak bitümde depolanabilir. Wetfix BE, Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry tarafından sıcak ve ılık karışım için bir yapışma arttırıcı ve soğuk ve sıcak karışım için üretilir.Yumuşak ziftlere veya kesiklere dayanır. Köpüklü asfalt soğuk karışımı için aderans arttırıcı ve kaplama yardımcısıdır. Çok yönlü Yumuşak bitüm karışımları da dahil olmak üzere çok çeşitli uygulamalar için uygun yapışma arttırıcı. WETFIX BE dozajı kullanılan bitüm ve agrega tipi. Bağlayıcıya normal olarak% 0.2 ila% 0.5 arasında ilave edilir. Wetfix BE bitüm, yol yağı ve azaltma bağlayıcılar olarak kullanım için çok amaçlı bir yapışkan maddenin olduğu ısıl stabilite, likidite ve düşük uçuculuğa avantajlarıyla. Wetfix BE'nin stabilitesi sıcaktır bitüm asit değeri ve bitümün sıcaklığına Ancak bağlıdır. Bitümlü bağlayıcıların özelliklerine ilişkin gereklilikler Avrupa standartlarında belirlenmiştir. Bitümenin fiziko-kimyasal davranışı, kolloidal yapısına (esas olarak ham kaynağına ve işlenmesine bağlı olan doymuş yağlar, aromatikler ve reçineler tarafından oluşturulan yağlı bir matrikse dağılmış asfaltenler) bağlıdır. Bitüm özellikleri, grup kompozisyonu, temel analiz, ancak daha sıklıkla geleneksel veya fonksiyonel testler ile değerlendirilir. Yol kullanımları için bitüm, fiziksel özelliklerine göre değerlendirilir. Bitüm ve asfaltların kalitatif özelliklerinin geliştirilmesi amacıyla, katkı maddeleri, örn. elastikiyetini arttırmak, ısı stabilitesini arttırmak, agregasyona yapışmayı arttırmak, viskoziteyi azaltmak, yaşlanmaya karşı direnci arttırmak, agrega yüzeyinden bağlayıcı drenajı önlemek, vb. Sunumun amacı, katkı maddelerinin özellikleri üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmek ve karşılaştırmaktır. bitüm bağlayıcılar. Kâğıtta, bitüm özelliklerinin, penetrasyonun, yumuşama noktasının ve bitüm 35/50, 50/70 ve polimer modifiye bitümlü PmB 45 / 80-75'in dinamik viskozitesinin sonuçları incelenmiştir. agregaya yapışmayı iyileştirmek ve işlenebilirliği geliştirmek için seçilen katkı maddelerinin (Sasobit, Licomont BS100, Wetfix BE ve CWM) uygulanması. Malların ölçümleri ilgili Avrupa standartlarına göre gerçekleştirilmiştir. Laboratuar testleri, kaldırım dereceli bitüm 50/70 ve 35/50 'nin 13 ila 45 ° C arasındaki yumuşama noktasını önemli ölçüde arttırdığını gösterdi. Çeşitli katkı maddelerinin bitüm yumuşama noktası üzerindeki etkisi farklıdır. Penetrasyon, bitüm tipine ve kullanılan katkı maddesine göre değişir. Katkı maddeleri Sasobit ve Licomont BS100 ile modifiye bitüm PmB 45 / 80-75'in penetrasyon değerleri, 16 0.1mm bitüm sertliğinin artmasını ve geçişte bir kayma olduğunu göstermektedir. Penetrasyon indeksinde sıcaklık duyarlılığı parametresi olarak hesaplanırken penetrasyon ve yumuşama noktalarındaki değişiklikler önemli ölçüde gösterilmiştir. Katkı maddeleri, bitümün viskozitesini çoğunlukla değiştirilmiş bitüm ile daha düşük değerlere değiştirmiştir. Katkı maddesi 35/50 oranında karıştırılmış Wetfix BE karışımı durumunda viskozite artar. Katkı maddesi, orijinal bitümlü bağlayıcıların özelliklerini değiştirir ve bu da asfalt karışımlarının ve asfalt tabakalarının özelliklerini etkileyebilir.
Faydaları ve Özellikleri
-Versatil ürün: Wetfix BE hem aktif hem pasif yapışma sağlar ve çok çeşitli asfalt karışımlarında ve sprey uygulamalarında kullanılır.
-Value for Money: Wetfix BE, düşük dozaj ve düşük işlem maliyetleri ile konsantre bir üründür.
-İstik Stabilite: Sıcak bitümde depolandıktan sonra performans korunur.
-Düşük volatilite: Ürün, solvent içermez ve sıcak karışım sıcaklıklarında düşük volatiliteye sahiptir.
-Kullanım Kolaylığı: Ürün diğer konsantre antistriplere göre daha düşük viskoziteye sahiptir.
Paketleme Bilgileri
Wetfix BE, dökme yüklerde, 190kg (419 lb) net ağırlığa sahip tamburda veya 900kg'lık tek yönlü kutuda (IBC'ler) temin edilir. WETFIX BE, çelik bidonlarda (190 kg'lık net) ve ara yük konteynerlerinde (900) teslim edilir. kg net). Ürün, orijinal kapalı konteynerinde en az iki yıl stabildir.
Daha fazla bilgi
Daha fazla bilgi, teknik servis ve numuneler için lütfen en yakın Akzo Nobel Satış ofisimize veya temsilci / distribütörümüze başvurun. WETFIX BE, iyi ısı stabilitesinin ihtiyaç duyulduğu sıcak karışım asfalt için özel olarak üretilmiş sıvı bir katkıdır. (BSK) Bitümlü Sıcak Karışım ve Sathi Kaplamalarda Konforlu bir şekilde kullanılır.
Neden WETFİX BE?
-180 0C lik ısılardaki sıcak bitümde özelliklerini kaybetmeden minimum 5 güne kadar tutulabilme özelliğine sahiptir.
-Az kokulu ve rahatsız edici değildir.
-Düşük oranda kullanılır.(binde bir ile binde iki oranında)
-UV ışınlarına karşı korunaklıdır.
-Su hasarını minimize eder.
-Çatlakları minimize eder.
-Tekerlek oturma izini minimize eder.
-Mükemmel derecede Aderansı artırır.
-Bazalt, kalker, granit, andazit, grandiorit tipteki taşlarla mükemmel uyum sağlar.
-Amerika dahil Dünyanın 80 ülkesinde kullanılmaktadır.
-20 C ile 0 C'de uygulanabilme özelliğinden dolayı soğuk havalarda da bitüme kolaylıkla ilave edilir. (Kara Yolları Teknik Şartnamesi K.T.Ş. Kısım 411'e uygundur.)
-Üretimleri (İÇM) İndirek Çekme Testinden geçirildikten sonra piyasaya arz edilir.
WETFIX BE is a liquid additive, specially designed for hot-mixed asphalt where good heat stability is required. WETFIX BE may be stored in hot bitumen for up to 5 days at temperatures up to 170ºC without significant loss of activity. Wetfix BE is produced by Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry an adhesion promoter for hot and warm mix, and for cold and warm mix based on soft bitumens or cut-backs. It's an adhesion promoter and coating aid for foamed asphalt cold mix. Versatile adhesion promoter suitable for a wide range of applications including soft bitumen mixes.The dosage of WETFIX BE depends on the type of bitumen and aggregate used. Normally between 0.2 and 0.5% is added to the binder. Wetfix BE is a multipurpose adhesion agent for use in bitumen, road oils and cutback binders with the advantages of heat stability, liquidity and low volatility. The stability of Wetfix BE in hot bitumen depends however on the acid value and the temperature of the bitumen. Requirements for properties of bituminous binders are determined in the European standards. The physico-chemical behaviour of bitumen depends on its colloidal structure (asphaltenes dispersed into an oily matrix constituted by saturates, aromatics and resins) that depends primarily on its crude source and processing. Bitumen properties are evaluated by group composition, elementary analysis, but more often conventional or functional tests. Bitumen for road uses is assessed according to the physical characteristics. For the purpose of improving the qualitative properties of bitumen and asphalts the additives are applied e.g. to increase elasticity, improving the heat stability, improving adhesion to aggregate, to decrease viscosity, increasing the resistance to aging, to prevent binder drainage from the aggregate surface, etc. The objective of presented paper is to assess and compare effect of additives on properties of bitumen binders. In paper, the results of bitumen properties, penetration, softening point, and dynamic viscosity of two paving grade bitumen 35/50, 50/70 and polymer modified bitumen PmB 45/80-75 are analyzed and also the changes of these properties by the application of selected additives (Sasobit, Licomont BS100, Wetfix BE and CWM) to improve adhesion to aggregate and improve workability. Measurements of properties have been performed according to the relevant European standards. The laboratory tests showed significantly increasing the softening point of paving grade bitumen 50/70 and 35/50 by 13 to 45°C. The effect of various additives on bitumen softening point is different. Penetration varies according to type of bitumen and type of used additive. The penetration values of modified bitumen PmB 45/80-75 with additives Sasobit and Licomont BS100 show increase of bitumen stiffness of 16 0.1mm and a shift in the gradation. The changes in penetration and in softening point significantly shown when calculating on Penetration index as a parameter of temperature susceptibility. The additives changed the viscosity of bitumen to lower values mostly with modified bitumen. In case of the additive Wetfix BE mix in 35/50caused the viscosity increase. The additive changes the properties of original bituminous binders, and that can affect the properties of asphalt mixtures and asphalt layers.
Benefits and Features
-Versatile product: Wetfix BE provides both active and passive adhesion and finds use in a wide range of asphalt mixtures and spray applications.
-Value for Money: Wetfix BE is a concentrated product with consequent low dosage and low treatment costs.
-Heat Stability: The performance is maintained after storage in hot bitumen.
-Low Volatility: The product does not contain solvents and has low volatility at hot mix temperatures.
-Easy to Use: The product has lower viscosity than other concentrated antistrips.
Packaging Information
Wetfix BE is available in bulk shipments, in tight head drums of 190kg (419lb) net weight, or in one-way totes (IBCs) of 900kg.WETFIX BE is delivered in steel drums (190 kg net) and intermediate bulk containers (900 kg net). The product is stable for a minimum of two years in its original closed container.
Further Information
For further information, technical service and samples, please contact our nearest Akzo Nobel Sales office or agent/distributor.
Why WETFIX BE?
-It has the ability to hold up to 5 days without losing its properties in hot bitum at -180 ° C.
-It is odorous and uncomfortable.
-It is used in a low proportion (two in one and one in)
-It is sheltered against UV rays.
-Minimizes water damage.
-Minimize cracks.
-The seat minimizes the sitting trace.
-It's excellent.
-Basalt, limestone, granite, andazite, grandiorite perfect match with the type of stone.
-It is used in 80 countries of the world including America. Because of its ability to be applied at -20 ° C to 0 ° C, the bitumen is easily added even in cold weather (Technical Specifications of Land Roads are suitable for KT.Ş. Section 411.)
-They are introduced to the market after they are passed through the Indirect Tensile Test (ICM).
All information concerning this product and/or all suggestions for handling and use contained herein are offered in good faith and are believed to be reliable. Surface Chemistry AB, however, makes no warranty as to the accuracy and/or sufficiency of such information and/or suggestions, as to the product's merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose, or that any suggested use will not infringe any patent. Nothing contained herein shall be construed as granting or extending any license under any patent. Buyer must determine for himself, by preliminary tests or otherwise, the suitability of this product for his purposes. This information contained herein supersedes all previously issued bulletins on the subject matter covered.Akzo Nobel Surface Chemistry AB, S-444 85 Stenungsund, Swedenhttp://www.akzonobel.com/scVersion: 1.2Issued: 21 Sep 2009
Heat-Stable Adhesion Promoter for Bituminous Binders
WETFIX® BE
Heat-Stable Adhesion Promoter for Bituminous
Binders
Application WETFIX BE is a liquid additive, specially designed for hot-mixed asphalt where good heat stability is required.
WETFIX BE may be stored in hot bitumen for up to 5 days at temperatures up to 170ºC without significant loss of activity.
Dosage The dosage of WETFIX BE depends on the type of bitumen and aggregate used. Normally between 0.2 and 0.5% is added to the binder.
Physical Properties
Appearance at 20ºC Brown, viscous liquid
Density at 20ºC, kg/m³ 980
Pour point, ºC <0
Flash point, ºC >100
Viscosity at 20ºC, cP 3000
Viscosity at 50ºC, cP 400
Note: Above values are average and subject to minor variations.
Specification Property Value Unit Method of Analysis
Total Amine Number 160-185 mg HCl/g 234
Acid Value <10 mg KOH/g 225
Package and
Storage
WETFIX BE is delivered in steel drums (190 kg net) and intermediate bulk containers (900 kg net). The product is stable for a minimum of two years in its original closed container.
Handling and
Safety
A Safety Data Sheet is available.
Wetfix BE
Specifications
Total amine number160-185 mg HCl/g90 KL 0050Acid value<10 mg KOH/g90 KL 0051
ParameterLimitsMethodTypical Data
Flash point218°CPour point< 0°CViscosity, 20°C800 cPAppearance, 20°Cbrown, viscous liquidDensity, 20°C980 kg/m³
Chemical and Physical dataTypical values
WETFIX® is a registered trademark in many countries.
Storage & Handling
Wetfix BE is delivered in steel drums (190 kg net) and intermediate bulk containers (900 kg net). The product is stable for a minimum of two years in its original closed container.
Typical data are based on our own measurements or derived from the literature. They do not constitute part of the delivery specifications.
Asphalt Applications7WETFIX® 312
Application Liquid antistrip for hot-mix asphalt pavements.
Advantages ·Heat Stability: Wetfix 312 meets the heat stability test requirements of state highway testing laboratories.
·Concentrated Liquid: Wetfix 312 is a concentrated product with consequent low dosage level.
Typical Dosage 0.25-1.0% by weight of asphalt is recommended, which should be determined in laboratory mix design tests.
Wetfix 312 is preferably added to the asphalt at the hot-mix plant by means of a specially designed injection system.
Alternatively, the product can be incorporated into the asphalt by mechanical agitation, pump circulation of the storage tank, or by injection into the asphalt loading line followed by recirculation through
the truck bypass system until properly mixed.
Physical
Properties
Appearance at 25°C Dark brown liquid
Pour point, °C <0 (<32°F)
Flash point, °C >200 (> 392°F )
10 20 30 40 °C
50 68 86 104 °F
Viscosity, mPa.s (cP) 2250 1500 800 370
Density, g/cc 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.96
Density, lbs./gal 8.15 8.06 8.02 7.96
See reverse for additional data
Storage and
Handling
Wetfix 312 may be stored in carbon steel tanks. Bulk storage should be maintained at 10-40°C (50-105°F). Avoid heating above 65°C (150°F).
Wetfix 312 contains amines and may cause severe irritation or burns to skin and eyes. Protective gloves and safety goggles must be used when handling this product. For further information, consult the Material Safety Data Sheet.
Packaging
Information
Wetfix 312 is available in bulk shipments or in 55-gallon tight-head drums of 400 lbs. (181 kg) net weight.
Wetfix 312
All information concerning this product and/or suggestions for handling and use contained herein are offered in good faith and are believed to be reliable. , however, makes no warranty as to the accuracy and/or sufficiency of such information and/or
suggestions, as to the product's merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose, or that any suggested use will not infringe any patent. Nothing contained herein shall be construed as granting or extending any license under any patent. Buyer must determine for himself, by
preliminary tests or otherwise, the suitability of this product for his purposes. The information contained herein supersedes all previously issued bulletins on the subject matter covered.
WETFIX BE
Heat-Stable Adhesion Promoter for Bituminous Binders
Specification Limits Method
Acid value 90 KL 0051
Total amine number 160-185 mg HCl/g 90 KL 0050
Typical data
Chemical and physical data Typical values
Appearance, 20°C brown, viscous liquid
Density, 20°C 980 kg/m³
Flash point 218°C
Pour point <0°C
Viscosity, 20°C 800 cP
The specifications and properties listed above are intended for products manufactured in Europe.
Application
Wetfix BE is a multipurpose adhesion agent for use in bitumen, road oils and cut-back binders with the advantages of heat stability, liquidity and low volatility. The stability of Wetfix BE in hot bitumen depends however on the acid value and the temperature of the bitumen.
Dosage
For active adhesion, e.g. surface dressing 0.5-1.0 %
For passive adhesion, e.g. hot mix 0.2-0.5 %
Packing and Storage
Wetfix BE is delivered in steel drums (190 kg net) and intermediate bulk containers (900 kg net). The product is stable for a minimum of two years in its original closed container.
Handling and Safety
A Safety Data Sheet is available.
Further Information
For further information, technical service and samples
1
Asphalt Applications Andrew Tham
Market & product portfolio
New Roads
Aggregates
Asphalt
Prime Coat
Emulsion
Anti
Stripping
Tack Coat
Emulsion
Maintenance
Asphalt
layer
Tack Coat
MS/ Slurry
Seal
2
Emulsions
Redicote emulsifiers
Viscosity Modifier
Hot Mix
Wetfix Adhesion Promoters
Warm Mix
Rediset warm-mix additives
and compaction Aids
Asphalt Applications
3
Asphalt Applications
WETFIX® series of Products,
e.g. WETFIX® BE
Advantages of using WETFIX® BE:
- Safety
- Wider aggregate selection
- Prolongs lifetime of pavement
4
Asphalt Applications
Passive Adhesion Loss
5
Philippines Field Trial (2014)
Asphalt Applications
With 0.30% WETFIX® BE
(Left Lane) Without WETFIX® BE
(Right Lane)
Newly paved in Jan-2014:
6
Philippines Field Trial (2014)
Asphalt Applications
With 0.30% WETFIX® BE
(Left Lane)
Without WETFIX® BE
(Right Lane)
8 months later in
Sep-2014:
7
Surface Chemistry | Personal Care 8
Asphalt Applications
Active Adhesion Demonstration
Surface Chemistry | Personal Care 9
Asphalt Applications
Passive Adhesion
Static
Immersion Test
Surface Chemistry | Personal Care 10
Asphalt Applications
Static
Immersion Test
11
Asphalt Applications
Chemical Structure of WETFIX® BE
Bitumen
Amine
Group
Si
OH
Aggregate
12
Asphalt Applications
N
H3 +
O -
13
Asphalt Applications
Application of WETFIX® BE in
Malaysia
14
Asphalt Applications
Malaysia recognizes the need for Anti-Stripping agents.
Any substitute must be equivalent to Wetfix N422
15
Asphalt Applications
Condition Before Trial (5-July-2006)
Asphalt Applications
Surface Chemistry | Personal Care 17
Asphalt Applications
The Culprits?
- Heavy Trucks
- Rains
These factors, including others, make the roads very
vulnerable to Water Damage, and hence Stripping.
Newly Paved - Without WETFIX® BE (5-Jul-2006)
Malaysia Field Trial (2006)
Asphalt Applications
3 months later - Without WETFIX® BE (28-Oct-2006)
Malaysia Field Trial (2006)
Asphalt Applications
3 months later - With 0.30% WETFIX® BE (28-Oct-2006)
Malaysia Field Trial (2006)
Asphalt Applications
4 months 6 months 11 months
Without WETFIX® BE
Asphalt Applications
Malaysia Field Trial (2006)
4 months 6 months 11 months
With 0.30% WETFIX® BE
Malaysia Field Trial (2006)
Asphalt Applications
23
Asphalt Applications
Application of WETFIX® BE in
Indonesia
24
Asphalt Applications
Indonesia recognizes the need for Anti-Stripping agents.
Nowadays, in some projects especially around the Jakarta regions, it is a MUST to use Anti-Stripping Agents.
WETFIX® BE was the first Anti-Stripping agent to be approved and adopted by the country.
Document from Department of Public Works, Indonesia,
stating that all Anti-Stripping Agents must first be approved by the government Surface Chemistry | Personal Care 25
Asphalt Applications
Application of WETFIX® BE in
Vietnam
26
Asphalt Applications
and EDSTACHEM have been working closely with the relevant Vietnam authorities such as Institute of Transport Science and Technology Road Laboratory (ITST) on the implementation of WETFIX® BE since 2008 .
In a report released by ITST in 2008, the conclusion is as follows:
27
Vietnam Field Trial (2014)
Asphalt Applications
28
Vietnam Field Trial (2014)
Asphalt Applications
29
Asphalt Applications
1. Europe
- Sweden, Denmark, Norway - In Hot Mix specification
- Other European countries - common practices
2. USA
- Common practices in Hotmix, Thin Overlays etc
3. Australia/New Zealand
- Common practices in Chip Seal application
Other Case References
5. Other Countries
- Japan - in PMA, & in Porous Asphalt
- South Korea - in PMA, & in SMA
Surface Chemistry | Personal Care 30
Asphalt Applications
Surface Chemistry | Personal Care 31
Asphalt Applications
Cost of adding Wetfix®BE
Dosage of Wetfix®BE = 0.30% (by weight of Bitumen in Hotmix)
Assuming Bitumen % = 5.0% of Total Hotmix
In 1 ton of Hotmix = 150gm of Wetfix®BE
Cost of Hotmix = 4000 peso/ton
Cost of Wetfix®BE = 260 peso/kg
= 39 peso/150gm
% Cost of adding Wetfix®BE = (39/4000) x 100%
= ~1%
32
Asphalt Applications
How to add Wetfix®BE into Hotmix Plants
33
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The purpose of asphalt binder as a significant binder in road constructions is to permanently bind aggregates of different compositions and grain sizes. The asphalt binder itself does not have suitable adhesiveness, so after a period of time, bare grains can appear. This results in a gradual separation of the grains from an asphalt layer and the presence of potholes in a pavement. Adhesion promoters or adhesive agents are important and proven promoters in practice. They are substances mainly based on the fatty acids of polyamides which should increase the reliability of the asphalt's binder adhesion to the aggregates, thus increasing the lifetime period of the asphalt mixture as well as its resistance to mechanical strain. The amount of a promoter or agent added to the asphalt mixture is negligible and constitutes about 0.3% of the asphalt's binder weight. Nevertheless, even this quantity significantly increases the adhesive qualities of an asphalt binder. The article was created in cooperatation with the Slovak University of Technology, in Bratislava, Slovakia, and focuses on proving the new AD2 adhesive additive and comparing it with the Addibit and Wetfix BE promoters used on aggregates from the Skutec - Litická and Bystrec quarries.
1 INTRODUCTION
Bitumen binder is a significant building material used both in road constructions and for other building purposes. The first references to the use of this material date back to ancient history. Increases in its use started at the beginning of the twentieth century with the rise of the petrochemical industry. Today, it is a commonly used material without which most road communications cannot be done. In the Czech Republic, 97% of the road communications contain asphalt surface wearing course. The asphalt layers of pavements comprise the upper construction of a non-solid pavement, which is directly exposed to the horizontal and tangential strain effects of vehicles. These effects are then shifted to other layers of the road construction. The top surface dressing (the abrasive/surface course) layer is directly exposed to atmospheric and climatic influences. The pavement surface dressing should therefore be impermeable, even, and have adequate anti-slip qualities throughout its lifetime so that safe, fast and comfortable ride is ensured. In order to meet these requirements, it is not only necessary to provide a suitable construction material (Stehlik at. al., 2015),
(Komacka at. al., 2014), (Wu at. al, 2015), but also to maintain the construction technology; otherwise, various defects such as an adhesion failure among the individual asphalt layers (Hamzah at. al., 2014)
or unsuitable surface properties on the abrasion layers may occur.
2 ADHESION OF ASPHALT BINDERS
When a solid substance contacts another solid, liquid, or gas substance, there is an attractive interaction between the particles at the and adhesion of all the components of the asphalt mixture. The adhesion between the aggregates and asphalt binder belongs among the important factors that influence the durability of asphalt layers. The interaction between the individual components of an asphalt mixture is dependent on the factors, see Fig. 1.
There are two types of adhesion of asphalt mixtures: active and passive. Active adhesion between an asphalt binder and an aggregate occurs when the binder is able to move water from the wet surface of the aggregate. Passive adhesion is caused by external forces, e.g., increased pore pressure, and can be described as resistance to water penetrating into a system while using asphalt mixtures (Georgy,1961).
In order to describe the bonding processes between an asphalt binder and aggregate, it is necessary to work on an adhesion theory (Nösler, 2000), (Masad at. al., 2004), which can be described by theoretical models (Volker at. al., 2009). For the most frequently used models, see Tab 1.
Tab. 1 Adhesion models between asphalt binders and aggregates
considered
Theory Interaction
Weak Boundary Layer theory layering
Mechanical theory interlock
Electrostatic theory potential
Chemical theory covalent and ionic bonds
Thermodynamic theory surface energy
3 FAILURE MODELS
The most frequently seen and common examples of adhesion
models that explain adhesion failures include pore pressure, displacement (see Fig. 2), infiltration, and boundary layer damage models (Volker at. al., 2009). These models rarely exist in isolation in practice; in most cases a combination of models occurs. Being affected by water is the one thing that these models have in common, because water is the main cause of adhesion failure (Hefer at. al., 2005), since water is a bipolar liquid. The double pole has a positive and negative charge, and the chemical bonds among the atoms make an angle of approximately 105°C. Water molecules are slightly attracted by the hydrophilic surface of the mineral (aggregate), so a saturation of the surface charges takes place. This results in a gradual displacement of a non-polar asphalt binder from the surface of the aggregates. Further minor factors include the transport loads, temperature conditions, and quality of the binder and aggregate. A marginal factor is also the thickness of the binder layer on the aggregates. In an experimental study, Mondal et al (Mondal at. al., 2012) carried out tensile tests on the interface of the aggregates and asphalt binder in order to determine the effect of the thickness of the asphalt binder on the way the damage occurred. The thickness of the asphalt film between the two polished aggregate surfaces ranged from 0.11 mm to 0.64 mm. A traction load was applied at 1 mm/min, and tests were carried out at 23°C. It was determined that the thickness of the asphalt binder does affect the adhesion and damages the bond between the aggregates and asphalt binder. With any increase in the thickness of the asphalt layer, the probability of the failure of the binder increases too.
4 ADHESION PROMOTERS
Adhesion promoters are chemicals that affect the interface between an organic polymer and an inorganic substrate and increase the adhesion between the two materials (Ebnesajjad, 2011). By changing the surface tension and reducing the viscosity, the asphalt binder F covers the surface of the aggregate better, which results in creating a strong bond (chemical bond) between the asphalt binder and aggregates, see Fig. 3.
It has been proved that silane-based adhesive additives promote the adhesion between organic and inorganic materials; furthermore, they extend their lifetime period in wet conditions (Cui at. al., 2014).
The effectiveness of these promoters is attributed to the fact that they act as a chemical bridge, where one part of the molecule is attached to an aggregate and the other part is bound to the asphalt binder (Packham, 2005). There are also amine-based adhesion promoters, which consist of long hydrocarbon chains and amine functional groups.
Hydrocarbon groups react with the asphalt binder and the aggregate reacts with the amine group, thereby increasing the aggregate wettability within the asphalt binder.
5 EXPERIMENT
The adhesion between aggregates and an asphalt binder cannot
be quantified. Adhesive bonds can be assessed according to adhesion
failure studies by various methods, such as chemical, mechanical,
thermodynamic or electrostatic testing.
As mentioned above, the greatest effect on an asphalt binder-aggregate system is most probably water (a stripping effect). Therefore, the sensitivity or resistance of moisture to a loss of adhesion is considered to be a suitable and indirect indicator of the ability of asphalt binder to adhere to aggregates (Volker at. al., 2009).
• Testing methods for dealing with sensitivity to moisture can be divided into two categories: Tests that are carried out on coated aggregate particles, such as rotating bottle, boiling water immersion, and immersion tests.
• Tests performed on a test body, i.e., with a compacted asphalt mixture such as the Kantabro, indirect tensile stress test (ITS), or abrasion tests.
For the purpose of this article, the methodology used for determining the adhesion of asphalt binders to aggregates is in accordance with CSN 73 6161: 2000. The determination of the adhesion of asphalt binders to aggregates, test parameters, see Tab. 2.
The adhesion of asphalt binder to aggregates is assessed according to CSN 73 6161 in the following way:
• excellent: if more than 75% of the grains of the test specimen have the characteristics of the connection of the asphalt binder film with the aggregate "A"; for the rest of the grains, the characteristics must not be less than "B" (the percentage of the coated area greater than approximately 97%);
• good: if more than 75% of the grains of the test specimen have the characteristics of the connection of the asphalt binder film with the aggregate "B" (or better); for the rest of the grains, the characteristics must not be less than "C" (the percentage of the coated area greater than approximately 90%);
pass: if more than 75% of the grains of the test specimen have
the characteristics of the connection of the asphalt binder film with the aggregate "C" (or better); for the rest of the grains the characteristics must not be less than "D" (the percentage of the coated area greater than approximately 80%);
• not pass: If less than 75% of the grains have the characteristics "C". In order to study the adhesive qualities of a new additive, the following input materials were used. There are three new promoters listed in Tab. 4, including their descriptions. Furthermore, the 50/70 road asphalt binder and polymer modified asphalt binder PmB 45/80- 55, A1 aggregate, and A2 aggregate were used.
5.1.1 A1 Aggregate - 8/11
This aggregate mainly consists of amphibolic-biotic granodiorite. Granodiorite belongs among deep acid igneous rocks with a
SiO2
content higher than 65%. There are plagioclases predominant over feldspar potassium. The jointing of these rocks is cuboidal or heavy-bedded. The bulk weight ranges from 2600 - 2800 kg/m3 ; the Mohs hardness is 6 - 7; absorption is between 0.5 - 2.0%; and the compression strength is 120 - 240 MPa. Amphibole belongs among dark minerals; it forms columnar and needle-like crystals. They are perfectly fissible and parallel to the longitudinal axis of posts. The
cleavage areas are approximately 60°and 120°. Biotite (dark mica) has a hardness of 2.5 - 3 and a density of 3 - 3.1 g/cm3 . It is a blackish-brown or black scaly mineral of an uneven shape with a perfect cleavability.
5.1.2 A2 Aggregate - 8/16
This aggregate predominantly consists of regionally metamorphosed clay shale, i.e., paragneiss. It ranks among metamorphic
rocks formed by the regional conversion of sedimentary rocks. The
main macroscopic minerals are quartz, feldspar, mica, and sometimes
sillimanite. Subsidiary macroscopic mineral components are graphite, cordierite, and garnet. The bulk weight varies between 2650 and
2750 kg/m3
; the Mohs hardness is 6 - 7; the absorption is in the range
of 0.1 - 1.2%; and the compressive strength of this rock is 120 - -250
MPa.
The test specimens were prepared from the above-mentioned input materials, see Tab. 5.
6 ASSESSMENT OF THE EXPERIMENT
When using the AD2, Addibit, or Wetfix BE admixtures, the adhesion of all the specimens was achieved with an assessment of "good". The asphalt mixtures that include these promoters will be able to be used according to CSN EN 13108-1 in the underlay, base,and surface courses in all classes of the traffic loads. Specimens without adhesive promoters with the modified PMB 45/80-55 asphalt binder were assessed as suitable and may be used according to CSN EN 13108-1 in the wear and bedding layers of
pavements with III, IV, VI and CH traffic loads. Specimens without adhesive promoters with the 50/70 road asphalt binder were assessed as unsatisfactory. This means that aggregates without promoters are not suitable for use in the construction layers of the pavements due to particular acidic rocks, which generally do not permit good adhesion, see Tab.6.
7 CONCLUSION
Based on the assessment of the results of the adhesion of the asphalt binder to the aggregates, it can be concluded that the new AD2 adhesive additive favourably affects the asphalt binder's adhesion.
When used, it can be expected to have a beneficial effect on the durability (lifetime period) of a pavement construction, thus reducing life cycle costs (lower maintenance costs). Other findings that resulted
from carrying out the experiment include:
• Moisture has adverse effects on the adhesion of asphalt mixtures. The choice of a hydrophobic aggregate or the use of chemical promoters in a binder can help minimize this particular degradation.
• Adhesion within an asphalt binder aggregate system is a result of a combination of thermodynamic, mechanical and Effects of surfactants and adhesion promoters on the bitumenminerals interfacial bond during breaking of bitumen emulsions.
ABSTRACT
Cold mix asphalt (CMA) emulsion technology has been the subject of research for many decades due to its proven environmental and economic benefits. However, issues relating to its mechanical performance still need to be investigated in order to understand the breaking mechanisms of bitumen emulsions and the surface chemistry involved. Bitumen emulsions
are designed to break in a controlled manner to achieve the required level of performance for producing good quality cold asphalt mixtures. In this work, experiments on the coalescence of two bitumen droplets were carried out on a selected grade of Nynas bitumen. In an emulsion environment, the cohesion between bitumen droplets as well as their adhesion to a mineral
surface was investigated. The cohesion and adhesion properties were analyzed by varying selected surfactant types and adhesion promoters in the water phase. The research showed that the presence of emulsifiers (with concentrations above the critical micelle concentration) in the water phase inhibits the adhesion of bitumen droplets to the mineral surface. However, a
very small addition (0.02%) of adhesion promoter reverses the situation completely, and adhesion is dominant rather than cohesion. Moreover, the kinetics of the coalescence process is strongly controlled by the water phase temperature.
KEYWORDS: Cold Mix Asphalt; Bitumen Emulsions; Breaking and Coalescence; Cohesion; Adhesion; Surfactants; Minerals.
1. Introduction
Cold mix asphalt (CMA) emulsion technology has been the subject of research for many decades due to its proven environmental and economic benefits. CMA is usually produced by mixing bitumen emulsions (bitumen/water) or foamed bitumen (bitumen/air/water) with unheated minerals/aggregates at ambient temperatures. Due to its lower emissions and energy
consumption, the demand for bitumen emulsion is growing in the market [1-3]. Bitumen emulsions are produced by mixing hot bitumen and a water phase containing emulsifying agents using a very high shear force to disperse the bitumen into small droplets [4-6]. Bitumen emulsions are versatile, being used for road construction and maintenance. They are
also used in spray applications such as surface dressing or chip seal, fog seal, tack and prime coat, slurry or micro surfacing and cold mix paving, which is potentially the largest application area for bitumen emulsions [7].
2
The mechanisms for bitumen emulsion stability are governed by intermolecular forces (a result of a balance of repulsive and attractive forces). The correct formulation of bitumen emulsions requires skills and basic knowledge about surface chemistry and physics to understand the intermolecular force balance that will guarantee better performance.
Developing a suitable emulsion formulation requires the selection of the right type of emulsifier and additives, suitable for the intended aggregate type, bitumen type and expected climate conditions. Surface active agents (generally referred to as surfactants or emulsifiers) are essential ingredients in the formulation of any dispersal system. An emulsifier acts as a
surface active agent that concentrates at the interphase region between two immiscible liquids such as oil and water [8].They are amphipathic molecules consisting of two parts, a polar head which is hydrophilic and a long carbon chain which is nonpolar lipophilic. This carbon chain can be a straight or branched hydrocarbon chain containing approximately 8 - 18 carbon
atoms, which are attached to a polar or ionic part (hydrophilic). The hydrophilic part can be non-ionic, ionic, or zwitterionic (amphoteric), accompanied by counter ions in the last two cases. The hydrocarbon chain interacts weakly with the water molecules in an aqueous environment, whereas the polar or ionic head group interacts strongly with water molecules
through dipole or ion-dipole interactions [9].
Emulsions have been classified in several ways, for example based on particle size (micro or macro emulsions), size distribution (mono/poly-dispersed), and concentrations (dilute, semidilute or concentrated) as well as according to surfactant molecule (anionic, cationic or nonionic). Bitumen emulsion lies in the macro emulsion category with a typical droplet size range
of 1 - 20 µm, and can be stabilized using anionic, cationic, or in some special cases non-ionic emulsifiers. Anionic emulsifiers used for bitumen emulsification are usually fatty acids, alkyl sulfates or sulfonates, which ionize in aqueous solutions to provide negatively charged organic ions that generate surface activity. The use of anionic emulsifiers started in the late
1920s and, after three decades of development, cationic emulsifiers have changed the bitumen emulsion market drastically and become the most widely used; they are currently very common in road construction applications. Cationic emulsifiers ionize in aqueous solution and provide organic ions with positive charges that are responsible for surface activity. They
are usually fatty amines and their derivatives (primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary and many others). It is firmly believed by the road pavement industry that the amine-based additives improve adhesion, workability and also function as anti-stripping agents [10-12]. Non-ionic emulsifiers are different from the other two types. These surfactant molecules do
not ionize in aqueous solution but part of their molecule has a high affinity for water. On an industrial scale, they represent the main category of surfactant produced throughout the world, but their use in bitumen emulsion applications is limited. The most typical examples and molecular structures of the abovementioned surfactants are shown in Fig. 1.
Anionic Type
(Sulfates, Sulfonates,
Carboxylic Acid)
Cationic Type
(Amines and derivatives)
Non-ionic Type
(Ethoxylated Fatty Acids or
Alcohols, Nonyl Phenol
Ethoxylate)
Fig. 1: Types of emulsifier used for bitumen emulsions [13].
Khan, Redelius, Kringos
3
Requirements for properties of bituminous binders are determined in the European standards. The physico-chemical behaviour of bitumen depends on its colloidal structure (asphaltenes dispersed into an oily matrix constituted by saturates, aromatics and resins) that depends primarily on its crude source and processing. Bitumen properties are evaluated by group composition, elementary analysis, but more often conventional or functional tests. Bitumen for road uses is assessed according to the physical characteristics. For the purpose of improving the qualitative properties of bitumen and asphalts the additives are applied e.g. to increase elasticity, improving the heat stability, improving adhesion to aggregate, to decrease viscosity, increasing the resistance to aging, to prevent binder drainage from the aggregate surface, etc. The objective of presented paper is to assess and compare effect of additives on properties of bitumen binders. In paper, the results of bitumen properties, penetration, softening point, and dynamic viscosity of two paving grade bitumen 35/50, 50/70 and polymer modified bitumen PmB 45/80-75 are analyzed and also the changes of these properties by the application of selected additives (Sasobit, Licomont BS100, Wetfix BE and CWM) to improve adhesion to aggregate and improve workability. Measurements of properties have been performed according to the relevant European standards. The laboratory tests showed significantly increasing the softening point of paving grade bitumen 50/70 and 35/50 by 13 to 45°C. The effect of various additives on bitumen softening point is different. Penetration varies according to type of bitumen and type of used additive. The penetration values of modified bitumen PmB 45/80-75 with additives Sasobit and Licomont BS100 show increase of bitumen stiffness of 16 0.1mm and a shift in the gradation. The changes in penetration and in softening point significantly shown when calculating on Penetration index as a parameter of temperature susceptibility. The additives changed the viscosity of bitumen to lower values mostly with modified bitumen. In case of the additive Wetfix BE mix in 35/50caused the viscosity increase. The additive changes the properties of original bituminous binders, and that can affect the properties of asphalt mixtures and asphalt layers.
Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Thakurova 7, Praha 6 - Dejvice, 166 29, Czech republic
Abstract
Bitumen-aggregate adhesion is one of the crucial characteristics related to an asphalt mix. It affects the mix durability mainly interms of its moisture susceptibility. Wide range of adhesion promoters is available to the market and can be used in regular practice, nevertheless usually only limited attention is paid to the long term activity (mainly the effective substances) and stabilityof the additives in the bitumen and the asphalt mix. Research done at the Czech Technical University in Prague is focused on
studying the impact of differently aged asphalt mix using selected procedures defined in prEN 12697-52 as well as developing aself-defined procedure by applying the PAV equipment used since many years for long-term bitumen ageing. The results of aged mixtures were always compared to unaged control mixes. In parallel use of aged bitumen was assessed as well. The results were further compared to a simple adhesion test to get a more complex understanding of the activity of selected additives. In total
more than 5 additives were selected and tested on one type of asphalt concrete with the application on a more hydrophilicaggregate type. Results gained during this experimental study are presented in the paper using as a criterion indirect tensile strength ratio determined either by EN 12697-12 or by modified procedure according to AASHTO T283.
In parallel because of elevated temperatures used during ageing suitable covering of cylindrical test specimens was analyzed as well to avoid unnecessary deformations or even disintegration of the tested specimens. For this reason two types of protective collar were chosen - PVC and thin steel mash - in both cases fixed by plastic belts. It is assumed that steel mash can better simulate the effect of ageing keeping the envelope partly free for direct contact with hot air and pressure. Results of this
comparison are presented in this paper as well.
1. Introduction
Prevalent part of the road infrastructure is built with asphalt mixes. However, similarly to any other built structure, also asphalt pavements change their properties and performance with time. Deterioration caused by moisture is seen as one of the key reasons of asphalt pavements deterioration, whereas for their maintenance and rehabilitation are European-wide yearly expended considerable financial means. The moisture can in general act on
adhesion loss what is the starting point of many pavement failures. Therefore moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixes is a critical aspect which has to be always evaluated. The typical mechanism of deterioration caused by moisture is reduced adhesion because of water which transfused to the interface of bitumen film and aggregate particle. Then stripping effect of asphalt coating usually starts up to release of particular aggregate particles. The
pace of this deterioration is significantly affected also by asphalt mix ageing. It is therefore important to reflect this natural process typical for bitumen if moisture susceptibility is assessed, especially if for reasons of improved adhesion various surfactants are used. To design asphalt mix resistant to water immersion and adhesion problems surfactants are usually added either to the bitumen or to the mix during its production. Their mission is to reduce the
hydrophilic behavior of the aggregates. Nevertheless, long term effect of these additives is exactly not known and is subject to many expert discussions. It is further questionable if these additives always deliver the solution for issues induced by moisture in all materials and for all necessary construction processes.
Main objective of the experimental study done by CTU in Prague was the development of suitable procedures for laboratory assessments of asphalt mix durability including the obtaining of knowledge with long term behavior of asphalt mixes in terms of their durability studied by indirect tensile strength test. The effort was to develop a simple and suitable test protocol which would simulate ageing (caused by known factors like oxidation, elevated
temperature and UV radiation) and impact of water and frost. At the same time it should simulate conditions of the real paved asphalt layer (compacted specimens with access of air and temperature). To forecast exactly the behavior and properties of aged pavement is as good as impossible because of enormous set of different variables. The study therefore compared suitable experimental methods for asphalt ageing simulation. Use of a suitable test protocol,
which would in a best way simulate these conditions, would deliver corresponding experience for determining the asphalt mix durability. During the research stage of this study standardized test methods for either bitumenaggregate adhesion or moisture susceptibility assessment were used. For ageing it should be stated that this phenomenon is today widely used for bituminous binders. In opposite to that ageing simulation for asphalt mixes is still an area with a lot of discussion and therefore with limited development of commonly acceptable test procedures - even if it is highly important to implement ageing if describing the functional characteristics and performancebased behavior of asphalt mixes.
2. Ageing
Over 30 methods of ageing for either bulk asphalt mix or compacted asphalt test specimens have been developed in the recent decades. For those, the material is usually stored under higher temperature (30 °C to 100 °C) for a stipulated number of hours, days or weeks which is intended to accelerate the oxidative processes caused by atmospheric oxygen. In some cases, pure oxygen or ozone is used as oxidising agent, while elsewhere additional
overpressure is applied to speed up the reaction. The ageing methods allow simulating a condition of long-term ageing in several days, thus presenting a situation closely resembling the effect on the layer within the pavement structure after several years. So ageing occurs in two phases, on a short-term scale and, then, subsequently, as longterm ageing. Long-term ageing depends on the short-term ageing; therefore, mix preparation and paving must be
performed as well as possible to render the mix less susceptible to ageing over the life-time. In the course of shortterm ageing, lightweight compounds evaporate and oxidation occurs during construction. With long-term ageing, steric hardening occurs and the pavement oxidizes over its entire life. The oxidation effect is an irreversible
chemical change. Steric hardening, contrastingly, is reversible as it involves a structural re-organization produced by
thermal change impact.
In the presented study four types of long-term ageing laboratory procedures were compared, including following
770 Tereza Valentová et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 14 ( 2016 ) 768 - 777
conditions:
x Placing bulk asphalt mix at temperature of 85 °C for 9 days in a thermal chamber; x Conditioning asphalt test specimens at temperature of 85 °C for 5 days;
x Ageing of specimens at elevated temperature of 85 °C and a pressure of 2.1 MPa in PAV for 20 hours; x Ageing of the bituminous binder applying the short-term ageing TFOT method (3x FTOT).
Within the framework of this study, the simulation of compacted specimen ageing is based on the ageing of the bituminous binder itself in PAV. First, the test specimens are wrapped in a steel mesh that is fastened by assembly ties according to Fig. 1 - wrapped specimen. This keeps the skeleton of the specimen unchanged even under higher pressure and temperature, avoiding deformation which might negatively affect the resulting strength. The prepared
specimens are then put on steel plates and gradually placed in the rack according to Figure 1. The rack is then put in the chamber where the specimens are heated up to 85 °C. Once the temperature is reached, the pressure is increased up to 2.1 MPa and maintained for 20 hours.
Fig. 1 (a) test specimens in protective collar in holder for testing in a Pressure Ageing Vessel (PAV); (b) detail of test specimens in protective collar by steel mesh.
3. Input material analysis and mix design
3.1. Input materials
Within this study straight-run bitumen 50/70 fulfilling requirements of CSN EN 12591 was used. For particular tests - mainly the bitumen-aggregate adhesion test according to CSN 73 6161 - several aggregate types have been selected differing in their mineralogy. These aggregates are normally used in the Czech Republic for asphalt mix production. Their specification is summarized in [Valentová 2016]. Based on more detailed analysis one type was
later experimentally selected based on characteristics and known mineralogical composition. This selected aggregate type was used for laboratory mix design and moisture susceptibility tests. To guarantee durability of the mix, some types of aggregate are more or less suitable from the point of view of adhesion between the bituminous binder and the aggregate. To meet the condition of active adhesion, the aggregate
must be free of any water to achieve perfect adhesion to the bituminous binder. In contrast to the bitumen, aggregate is often hydrophilic; this means that it absorbs water easily. The following adhesion promoters were used: Impact 8000 with 0.30%-wt. of binder, AdHere LOF 65-00 (0.30%-wt.), Zycotherm (0.10%-wt.), Wetfix BE (0.3%-wt.).
a) b)
Tereza Valentová et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 14 ( 2016 ) 768 - 777 771
Last but not least mechanical-chemically activated micro-filler originating from the Palestine limestone powders was chosen to act as an intelligent replacement for traditional fillers. It is a dehydrated sludge from limestone marble cutting, further modified by grinding in a special type of high-speed milling machine (disintegrator).
3.2. Input materials
For assessment of ageing impact on durability and adhesion an optimized ACbin 16 mixture was used. Clinkstone aggregates from the quarry Chlum were used known for worse adhesion behavior. The mix design is presented e.g. in [Valentová 2016].
4. Test definition
4.1. Determining adhesion between the binder and aggregate
In the Czech Republic, non-harmonized test according to CSN 73 6161 has traditionally been used to describe the adhesion. It uses a sample of heated aggregate (8/16mm), weight of 300±3 g and binder of 12±0.3 g at a temperature defined depending on the bitumen gradation (160±5 °C for aggregates and 170±5 °C for 50/70 bitumen). After the bitumen coated aggregates are cooled down for 24 hours, the sample is conditioned in water at 60±3 °C for 60 minutes. As soon as the sample has been removed from the water, the coating of aggregate particles is assessed visually and classified according to CSN 73 6161. In this study soliciting comparison with EN 12697-11, test method described in part C was not done.
4.2. Determining the test specimen moisture susceptibility
For the determination of moisture susceptibility usually strength ratios like ITSR (indirect tensile strength ratio), as given in EN 12697-12 are used to assess the effects of water on asphalt mixtures and define its durability. At the same time, the European test was further modified according to the American AASHTO T283 test method which, besides other compaction levels, also introduces specimen saturation with water as well as the application of a single freezing cycle; therefore, two negative effects - water and frost - are combined.
5. Results of the research
5.1. Evaluation of the adhesion test
The adhesion test between bitumen and aggregates involved 8 different types of aggregate and one bitumen representative improved subsequently by chemical adhesion promoters. To verify the effects of adhesion promoters and the effect of storage time, the variants of binders were subjected to short-term ageing (TFOT) according to CSN EN 12607-2. The binder was exposed to ageing effects for three times 5 hours at 163 °C. Table 1 summarises the results of unaged binder which indicates the results of one version with reference binder only and the results of a combination with a selected adhesion promoter for each aggregate type. The results were assessed as unsatisfactory for the bitumen without additives and aggregate from Chlum (clinkstone) and Zbraslav (mixed rock: ash rock, metatuf and spilite). The worst results were recorded for aggregate from the Kobylí Hora quarry (granulite), where only 35% of the aggregate remained coated by the bitumen after the adhesion test. The aggregates from 0DUNRYLFH /LERGGLFH 0CUXQLFH Dnd =EH?QR scored as satisfactory; the percentage of aggregate particle coating amounted to roughly 80%. The best result was scored when aggregate from the Litice quarry (spilite) was used; in this case the surface of the aggregate was stripped in approx. 10%, this means good affinity between the binder and the aggregate. The positive effect of the additives could be proven for all types of aggregate. On average, the percentage of coated surface of the aggregate increased by 10% when each individual additive was applied. The additives had the greatest effect on aggregates from Kobylí Hora, Chlum and Zbraslav, which failed the adhesion test without an additive. In these cases the adhesion improved by 20-30%. With the remaining specimens, adhesion improved as well with the only exception of the aggregate from Litice, which scored excellent results even without 772 Tereza Valentová et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 14 ( 2016 ) 768 - 777 the additive. A higher dose of additives resulted in a slight improvement of adhesion of the individual aggregate variants; or at least the adhesion did not deteriorate. The only exception was the higher dose of adhesion additive AdHere 65-00 LOF EU, where adhesion deteriorated; however, a repeat measurement was recommended for this case.
Focusing on the comparison of the aged binder, the results are arranged logically (Table 2) as in the preceding case. As is obvious from the measurements, contrary to expectations, ageing has a positive effect on the adhesion of bituminous binders to aggregate. Based on the majority of results, it can be noted that the level of aggregate particle coating by bitumen improves, or the remaining specimens do not demonstrate a deterioration of adhesion. In the case of the reference sample with bitumen 50/70, using the aggregate from Kobylí Hora and Zbraslav, the coatinglevel improved due to the influence of ageing time. In contrast to unaged bitumen, it is visible that the level ofcoating is going from satisfactory to excellent in the case of aggregate from the Chlum quarry.
Table 1. Results of adhesion test according to CSN 73 6161 for unaged bitumen.
susceptibility evaluation must be supported and a freezing cycle added to the test as this has an impact on the pavement structure and affects the durability of the asphalt mix.
Acknowledgement
emli Yüzey / Islak Zemin Yapıştırıcısı
Ürün tanımı :
Bostik WetFix, yüksek performanslı, tek bileşenli, nem ile kürlenen, MS polimer esaslı yapıştırıcıdır. Nemli yüzeyleri yapıştırır hatta sualtında bile kullanılabilir.
Kullanıldığı yerler :
• Ahşap, beton, tuğla, alçı, cam, seramik, metal, sert PVC yapıştırmada
• Yukarıda belirtilen yüzeylerin bağlantı panelleri, tabelaları, duvar kaplamaları ve süpürgeliklerin montajında
Özellikler :
• Nemli ve gözenekli yüzeyleri bile mükemmel yapışır.
• Kokusuzdur
• Büzüşme yapmaz
• Kalıcı olarak elastiktir
• Çözücü içermediğinden ısı yalıtım plakası, dekoratif panellerin yapıştırılmasında da kullanılabilir.
• Üzeri boyanabilir.
• Polietilen, polipropilen ve teflon gibi yüzeylerde kullanılmamalıdır.
• Bitüm bulaşmış yüzeylerde kullanılmamalıdır.
Emulsion recipes samples
Pot hole repairs - EBK-2.
Bitumen 60-65%
Adhesion additive Diamin OLBS or Wetfix BE - 0,05-0,1%
White spirit (kerosene, aviation fuel) - 0-1,5% (recommended)
Latex Butonal NS 198 - 1,2-2,5% (recommended)
Emulsifier Redicote EM 44 - 0,2-0,3%
Acid ??L (20-30%) - 0,15% on ?? factor 2,0-2,5 (phosphoric acid may be used)
Water
Surface treatment - EBK-2, EBK-1.
Bitumen - 67%
Adhesion additive Diamin OLBS or Wetfix BE - 0,05-0,1%
White spirit (kerosene, aviation fuel) - 0-1,5%
Latex Butonal NS 198 - 1,2-2,5%
Emulsifier Redicote EM 44 - 0,1-0,25%
Acid ??L (20-30%) - 0,15% on ?? factor 2,0-2,5
Water
Tack coat - EBK-1, EBK-2.
Bitumen - 50%
Emulsifier Redicote EM 44 - 0,15 %
Acid ??L (20-30%) - 0,15% on ?? factor 2,0-2,5
Water
SLURRY SEAL - EBK-3
Bitumen 100/130 - 57-62%
Cohesive additive Wetfix BE - 0,3%
White spirit (kerosene, aviation fuel) - 0,5-1,5%
Latex Butonal NS 198 - from 3,0 to 5,0%
Hydrochloric acid Orthophosphoric acid
Emulsifier Redicote 404 - 0,6-1,4% Emulsifier Redicote ?? 44 - 0,6-1,4%
Acid ??L (20-30%) - on ?? factor 2,0-2,5 Acid ?3??4 - on ?? factor 2,0-2,5
Water Water
THE STUDY OF OPERATING CAPACITY OF ASPHALT CONCRETE MODIFIED WITH AN ADDITIVE WETFIX BE.
Abstract: Statement of the problem. The problem of increasing the operating capacity of asphalt pavements is very urgent. The practice of road construction shows that after the start of the operation there is rut formation on an asphalt surface and various defects and deformations, one of the main reasons for that is unsatisfactory adhesion of bitumen with a paving stone. One of the applied solution methods is the introduction of various modified additives in organic astringent. This paper presents the results of the study of the main physical, mechanical and operational properties of bitumen and asphalt concrete modified using an adhesive additive Wetfix BE. Results. The paper presents a theoretical review of ways to increase the deformation stability of asphalt surface in high temperatures suggested by the authors. The results of the experimental studies are shown according to the estimation of the influence of adhesive additive Wetfix BE to physical, mechanical and operational properties of the bitumen SRC 60/70 and hot thick asphalt concrete BTN C12,5. Conclusions. The results of the experimental research allow one to make a conclusion that application of an adhesive additive Wetfix BE bitumen adhesion with paving stone improves, the deformation stability of asphalt surface in high temperatures increases. A significant positive effect was identified using an adhesive additive Wetfix BE in number of 0,2% on the bitumen mass for an increasing the operating capacity of asphalt pavements.
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Zastosowanie
WETFIX BE jest cieklym srodkiem adhezyjnym, opracowanym
specjalnie dla asfaltów mieszanych na goraco, kiedy wymagana
jest dobra odpornosc termiczna. Moze byc stosowany do 200 oC
w recepturach z asfaltami modyfikowanymi.
Sposób uzycia
Wetfix® BE
Benefits and Features
? Versatile product: Wetfix BE provides
both active and passive adhesion and
finds use in a wide range of bitumen mixtures and spray applications
? Value for Money: Wetfix BE is a concentrated product with consequent low dosage and low treatment costs
? Heat Stability: The performance is maintained after storage in hot bitumen.
? Low Volatility: The product does not
contain solvents and has low volatility at
hot mix temperatures.
? Easy to Use: The product has lower
viscosity than other concentrated antistrips
Dosage
Hot and Warm Mix 0.2-0.5% basis binder
Patch Mix, Soft Bitumen Mix 0.5-1.0% basis binder
Specification
Acid Value, mgKOH/g <10 VE 2.013
Amine value, mgHCl/g 160-185 VE 2.018
Physical Properties
Appearance at 25°C (77°F) liquid
Pour point, °C <-20(<-4°F)
Flash point , °C >218(>424°F)
Viscosity, mPa.s (cP) at 20°C (68°F) 800
Density, g/cc at 20°C (68°F) 0.98
Density, lbs/U.S.gal at 20°C (68°F) 8.18
Physical Properties are typical data based on our own measurements or derived from the literature. They do not constitute part of the delivery specification Adhesion Promoter for Hot and Warm Mix, and for cold and warm mix based on foamed bitumen, soft bitumen or cut-back. Adhesion promoter for hot applied chipseal.
Storage and Handling
Wetfix BE may be stored in carbon steel tanks. Bulk storage should be maintained at 10-40°C (50-105°F). Avoid heating above 65°C (150° F).
Wetfix BE contains amines and may cause severe irritation or burns to skin and eyes. Protective gloves and safety goggles must be used when handling this product. For further information, consult the Safety Data Sheet.
Packaging Information
Wetfix BE is available in bulk shipments, in tight head drums of 190kg (419lb) net weight, or in one-way totes (IBCs) of 900kg(1984lbs)
Notes
Redicote, Rediset, Kling, Perma-Tac, and Wetfix are registered trademarks in many countries.
No representation or warranty, expressed or implied, is made as to the accuracy or completeness of the information of data contained herein and AkzoNobel Surface Chemistry shall have no obligation or liability whatsoever with respect to any such information or data, including, but not limited to, any liability for infringement of patent or other industrial property rights. Surface Chemistry disclaims all implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. Surface Chemistry shall in no event be liable for incidental or consequential damages, including, without limitation, lost profit, loss of income, loss of business opportunity and any other related costs and expenses.
GENERAL CHARACTERIZATION
CRALANE CAR 81 is an emulsifier for rapid and medium setting bitumen emulsions.
composition
quality control data
color red
delivery form liquid
state liquid
amine number value [mgKOH/g] 140-165
density(20 C) 0,85-1,0 g/cm3
additional product descriptions data
analysis of dry residue 100%
ıodine number value [g l/100g] 80-100
application
use
Cralane car 81 is a special surfactant based on fatty amidoamine derivative especially designed to emulsify bitumen.
dosage
the recommended dosage rates are between 0,25 and 0,5 % in relation to the emulsion.
technical application data
tests
emulbitumen colloid mill (Atomix) 9000rpm.
bitumen 150/200
emulsion (rapid setting):
63%bitumen
2% white spirit
0.25/0.35 emulsifier
transportation, handiling &storage
handling
please refer to material safety data sheet for details
storage conditions
it is recommended to store the product at room temperature and to protect it against influences of heat and frost
shelf life
subject to appropriate storage in closed original containers under the a. m. storage and temperature conditions, CRALANE CAR 81 is stable for at least 2 years.
