1-9 A-D E-G H-M N-P Q-S T-Z

5-хлор-2-метил-4-изотиазолин-3-он ( CMIT) 5- CHLORO-2-METHYL-4-ISOTHIAZOLIN-3-ONE

 

Смесь изотиазолинонов и состоит из 5-хлор-2-метил-4-тиазолин-3-кетона (CMIT) и 2-метил-4-тиазолин-3-кетона (MIT).

2,3-дигидро-2-метил-3-оксо-5-хлоризотиазол 26172-55-4 2682-20-4 MIT 2-метил-5-хлор-3-изотиазолон 2-метил-5-хлоризотиазолин-3-он 3 (2H) -Изотиазолон, 5-хлор-2-метил-4-ИЗОТИАЗОЛИН-3-ОН, 5-ХЛОРО-2-МЕТИЛ-5243-K-Cg 55965-84-9 CMIT, MIT 5-хлорид-2- Метил-4-изотиазолин-3-кетон 5-хлор-2-метил-1,2-тиазол-3 (2H) -он 5-хлор-2-метил-1,2-тиазол-3-он 5-хлор- 2-метил-2,3-дигидро-1,2-тиазол-3-он 5-Хлор-2-метил-2H-изотиазол-3-он 5-хлор-2-метил-2h-изотиазолин-3-он 5 -хлор-2-метил-3 (2H) -изотиазолинон 5-Хлор-2-метил-3 (2H) -изотиазолон 5-Хлор-2-метил-3-изотиазолон 5-Хлор-2-метил-4-изотиазолин- 3-он 5-ХЛОРО-2-МЕТИЛ-4-ИЗОТИАЗОЛИН-3-ОН (АКТИВНЫЙ ИНГРЕДИЕНТ> 14%, CMI / MI 2,5 - 4,0) 5-Хлор-2-метил-4-изотиазолин-3-он (CMI) Раствор 5-хлор-2-метил-4-изотиазолин-3-она 5-хлор-2-метил-4-изотиазолин-3-он технической чистоты,> 14% в воде. CMI / MI> 2,0 5-хлор-2-метил-4-изотиазолин-3-он 5-хлор-2-метилизотиазол-3 (2H) -он 5-хлор-2-метилизотиазол-3 (2h) -он 5-хлор-2-метилизотиазол-3-он 5-хлор-2-метилизотиазолин-3-он 5-хлор-2-метил-изотиазолон 5-хлор-н-метилизотиазолин-3-он 5-хлор-N- метилизотиазолон A 33 A 33 (бактерицид) AB0011549 AC1L1PFN AC1Q3H9Y AJ-32372 AK-34411 AKOS006230760 AM806586 AN-5810 ANW-44440 AX8019787 BC221924 Bioace BRN 1210149 C-36253 C417JB-CH3B2-C-B-N-2-C-B-N-C-B-N-C-B-N-C-B-N-C-B-N-C-N-2 -C-N-B-C-N-B-N-C-B-C-N-X-21-C-B-C-B-C-25-C-21-C-B-C-25-C-21-C-21-C-25-C-21-C-21-C-24-E-C: -C-7-J-9-C-21-C-21-C-21-C-21-C-21-C: -C-26-E-C-B-21-E-C-21-C-21-E-C-N-B-N-E: -30896 CMIT CS-W022348 CTK1A1887 DB-007017 DEL7T5QRPN DHNRXBZYEKSXIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N DSSTox_CID_14286 DSSTox_GSID_34286 DSSTox_RID_79138 DTXSID9034286 EBD15202 EINECS 247-500-7 FCH917348 FT-0082495 FT-0620267 GS-3223 HS 818 HS 818 (антисептик) HSDB 8270 Jsp005147 Катон CG 5243 Kathon IXE Kathon WT KS-000025XC LS-86318 MCI MCI / MI Метилхлоризотиазолинон, метилхлоризотиазолинон, MFCD00792550 NCGC00181041-01 NCGC00181041-02 NCGC00254127-01 N-метил- 5-хлоризотиазолин-3-он, н-метил-5-хлоризотиазолон, N-метил-5-хлоризотиазолон (5-хлор-2-метил-4-изотиазолин-3-он)

 

 

 

CMIT

EC / Номер списка: 247-500-7

Номер CAS: 26172-55-4

Мол. формула: C4H4ClNOS

5-хлор-2-метил-2H-изотиазол-3-он

5-хлор-2-метил-2H-изотиазол-3-он

5-Хлор-2-метил-2H-изотиазол-3-он (CIT)

5-хлор-2-метил-4-изотиазолин-3-он

5-хлор-2-метилизотиазолин-3 (2H) -он

Имена ИЮПАК

3 (2H) -изотиазолон, 5-хлор-2-метил-

3 (2H) -изотиазолон, 5-хлор-2-метил-

5-хлор-2-метил-4-изотиазол-3-он

5-хлор-2-метил-4-изотиазолин-3-он

5-хлор-2-метил-1,2-тиазол-3-он

5-хлор-2-метил-1,2-тиазол-3-он гидрохлорид

5-хлор-2-метил-2,3-дигидро-1,2-тиазол-3-он

5-хлор-2-метилизотиазол-3 (2H) -он

CMIT

Изо-тиазолинон-производное

 

Массачусетский технологический институт

EC / Номер списка: 220-239-6

№ CAS: 2682-20-4

Мол. формула: C4H5NOS

2-метил-2H-изотиазол-3-он

2-метил-2H-изотиазол-3-он

Инвентаризация ЕС, процесс предварительной регистрации, ЕС. Приложение V к регламенту по косметике, разрешенные консерванты

2-метил-4-изотиазолин-3-он

ЕВРОПА. Com. Рег. № 10/2011 о пластмассах, контактирующих с пищевыми продуктами

2-метилизотиазол-3 (2H) -он

Инвентаризация C&L, ЕС. Защита рабочих от опасностей (98/24), ЕС. Опасные вещества - экологическая маркировка, ЕС. Знаки на рабочем месте, ЕС. Опасные свойства отходов: Приложение III (2008/98 / EC), ЕС. Молодые люди за работой (94/33)

2-метилизотиазолин-3 (2H) -он

ЕВРОПА. Вещества, ограниченные в игрушках

Метилизотиазолинон

Другой

Переведенные имена

2-Метил- (2H) -изотиазол-3-он (de)

2-метил-2H-изотиазол-3-он (MIT) (da)

2-метил-2H-изотиазол-3-он (MIT) (mt)

2-Метил-2H-изотиазоол-3-он (MIT) (nl)

2-метилизотиазол-3 (2H) -он (cs)

2-метилизотиазоол-3 (2H) -он (нл)

2-метилтетрагидроизотиазол-3 (2H) -он (MIT) (cs)

2-Метил-2H-изотиазол-3-она (MIT) (ы)

2-метил-2H-изотиазол-3-он (MIT) (it)

2-метил-2H-изотиазол-3-онэ (MIT) (ro)

2-метил-2H-изотиазол-3-он (MIT) (час)

2-метил-2H-изотиазол-3-онас (MIT) (lt)

2-Метил-2H-изотиазол-3-онс (MIT) (lv)

2-метилизотиазол-3 (2H) -он (hu)

2-Метилизотиазол-3 (2H) -она (ы)

2-метилизотиазол-3 (2H) -он (он)

2-метилизотиазол-3 (2H) -он (ч)

2-метилизотиазол-3 (2H) -онас (лт)

2-метилизотиазол-3 (2H) -оны (lv)

2-метилизотиазол-3 (2H) -онă (ро)

2-метил- (2H) -изотиазол-3-ón (sk)

2-метил-2H-изотиазол-3-он (MIT) (sv)

2-метил-2H-изотиазол-3-ón (MIT) (sk)

2-метилизотиазол-3 (2H) -он (sv)

2-метило-2H-изотиазол-3-он (MIT) (пл)

2-метилоизотиазол-3 (2H) -он (пл)

2-метили-2H-изотиацол-3-они (MIT) (fi)

2-метили-изотиатсол-3 (2H) -они (Fi)

2-метююль-2H-изотиазоол-3-ун (MIT) (et)

2-metüülisotiasool-3 (2H) -oon (et)

2-Метил-2H-изотиазол-3-он (MIT) (fr)

2-метилизотиазол-3 (2H) -он (fr)

2-Μεθυλ-2H-ισοδιαζολ-3-όνη (MIT) (el)

2-μεθυλισοθειαζολ-3 (2H) -όνη (эл)

2-метил-2H-изотиазол-3-он (MIT) (bg)

2-метилизотиазол-3 (2H) -он (bg)

Имена ИЮПАК

2-метил-1,2-тиазол-3 (2H) -он

2-метил-1,2-тиазол-3-он

2-метил-1,2-тиазол-3-он гидрохлорид

2-метил-2,3-дигидро-1,2-тиазол-3-он

2-метил-3 (2H) -изотиазолон

2-метил-3 (2H) -изотиазолон

2-метил-4-изотиазолин-3

Метилизотиазолинон и другие биоциды на основе изотиазолинона используются для контроля роста микробов в водных растворах. Двумя наиболее широко используемыми биоцидами изотиазолинона являются 5-хлор-2-метил-4-изотиазолин-3-он (хлорметилизотиазолинон или CMIT) и 2 -метил-4-изотиазолин-3-он (метилизотиазолинон или MIT), которые являются активными ингредиентами в смеси 3: 1 (CMIT: MIT), коммерчески продаваемой как Kathon. Kathon поставляется производителям в виде концентрированного исходного раствора, содержащего 1,5-15% CMIT / MIT. Для приложений рекомендуемый уровень использования составляет от 6 до 75 частей на миллион активных изотиазолонов. Применения биоцидных средств варьируются от промышленных резервуаров для хранения воды до охлаждающих устройств в таких различных процессах, как горнодобывающая промышленность, производство бумаги, жидкости для обработки металлов и производство энергии.

 

Катон также использовался для борьбы со слизью при производстве бумажных изделий, контактирующих с пищевыми продуктами. Кроме того, этот продукт служит противомикробным агентом в латексных клеях и покрытиях для бумаги, которые также контактируют с пищевыми продуктами.

 

Один изотиазолинон, Sea-Nine 211 (4,5-дихлор-2-н-октил-4-изотиазолино-3-он, DCOI), быстро заменил трибутилолово в качестве предпочтительного противообрастающего агента в краске корпуса судна.

Недавнее исследование показало присутствие DCOI как в портовой воде, так и в пробах донных отложений в Осаке, Япония, особенно в районах швартовки со слабой циркуляцией. Что касается окружающей среды, то уровни DCOI, прогнозируемые в маринах, теперь считаются угрозой для различных видов морских беспозвоночных. Изотиазолиноны также чрезвычайно токсичны для рыб.

 

При промышленном использовании наибольшее воздействие на рабочем месте при вдыхании происходит во время открытой заливки. Непрофессиональное воздействие изотиазолинонов на население в целом также имеет место, хотя и в гораздо более низких концентрациях. [6] Эти соединения присутствуют в очень большом количестве широко используемых косметических средств. Несмываемая косметика (кремы для рук, лосьоны и т. Д.) Содержит 15 частей на миллион (100 микромолей) комбинированного CMIT / MIT.

 

Метилизотиазолинон, MIT или MI (иногда ошибочно называемый метилизотиазолином), является мощным синтетическим биоцидом и консервантом в группе изотиазолинонов, которые используются во многих продуктах личной гигиены и в широком спектре промышленных применений.

 

Это цитотоксин, который может влиять на разные типы клеток. Его использование в широком спектре личных продуктов для людей, таких как косметика, лосьоны, увлажняющие кремы, 

гигиенические салфетки, шампуни и солнцезащитные кремы, увеличилось более чем вдвое за первое десятилетие двадцать первого века и было зарегистрировано как агент, повышающий

 контактную чувствительность. Научным комитетом Европейской комиссии по безопасности потребителей.

 

Промышленные применения также довольно широки: от консервантов и дезинфицирующих средств до противомикробных агентов, производства энергии, жидкостей для металлообработки, 

горнодобывающей промышленности, производства красок и производства бумаги, многие из которых увеличивают потенциальное воздействие этого вещества на людей, а также организмы, как

 наземные, так и наземные. морской. Промышленное применение в морской среде оказалось токсичным для морской флоры и фауны, например, когда был изучен эффект от его теперь почти

 повсеместного использования в краске корпуса лодки.

 

 

Exocide 1012 от Ataman Chemicals представляет собой смесь изотиазолинонов и состоит из 5-хлор-2-метил-4-тиазолин-3-кетона (CMIT) и 2-метил-4-тиазолин-3-кетона (MIT).

 

 

Нипацид CI

БИОЦИД ДЛЯ КОНСЕРВАЦИИ IN CAN

Нипацид CI - это биоцид в банке на основе CMIT / MIT.

 

Nipacide CI - это биоцид на водной основе, разработанный для полной защиты продуктов на водной основе, включая клеи на водной основе / латекс / ПВА, эмульсии ПВА / акрилового полимера,

 декоративные краски на водной основе, печатные краски, жидкости для металлообработки и строительные добавки.

 

Нипацид CI эффективен против широкого спектра микроорганизмов, включая грамположительные и грамотрицательные бактерии, дрожжи и грибки. Термическая стабильность и стабильность pH для 

Nipacide CI является критически важным фактором, и его не следует использовать для продуктов с pH> 8,5 или производственной температурой> 40 ° C.

Преимущества

без формальдегида

бактерицид

фунгицид

pH стабильный 4-9

термостойкость до 40 ° C

FDA одобрено для различных приложений

 

Подробное описание продукта

Растворимые, синтетические и полусинтетические жидкости или охлаждающие жидкости для металлообработки создают отличную среду для роста различных микроорганизмов, включая бактерии, 

плесень и дрожжи. Если позволить этим организмам расти, они могут оказать пагубное воздействие на жидкости. Например, бактерии, которые могут расти очень быстро, могут нарушить 

целостность жидкости из-за обесцвечивания, ухудшая смазывающие свойства и вызывая расщепление эмульсии. Бактерии также могут снижать pH жидкости, что может способствовать коррозии. 

Некоторые формы бактерий имеют неприятный запах. Грибы обычно растут медленнее, чем бактерии, но могут образовывать большие массы, которые забивают фильтры и трубопроводы и в 

некоторых случаях приводят к отключению системы; грибки также создают неприятный запах и могут вызвать коррозию.

 

Blend of Isothiazolinones and is composed of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-thiazoline-3-ketone (CMIT) and 2-methyl-4-thiazoline-3-ketone (MIT).

2,3-Dihydro-2-methyl-3-oxo-5-chloroisothiazole 26172-55-4 2682-20-4 MIT 2-Methyl-5-chloro-3-isothiazolone 2-Methyl-5-chloroisothiazolin-3-one 3(2H)-Isothiazolone, 5-chloro-2-methyl- 4-ISOTHIAZOLIN-3-ONE, 5-CHLORO-2-METHYL- 5243-K-Cg 55965-84-9 CMIT, MIT 5-Chloride-2-Methyl-4-Isothiazoline-3-Ketone 5-chloro-2-methyl-1,2-thiazol-3(2H)-one 5-chloro-2-methyl-1,2-thiazol-3-one 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1,2-thiazol-3-one 5-Chloro-2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one 5-chloro-2-methyl-2h-isothiazolin-3-one 5-chloro-2-methyl-3(2H)-isothiazolinone 5-Chloro-2-methyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone 5-Chloro-2-methyl-3-isothiazolone 5-Chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one 5-CHLORO-2-METHYL-4-ISOTHIAZOLIN-3-ONE (ACTIVE INGREDIENT >14%, CMI/MI 2.5 - 4.0) 5-Chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMI) 5-Chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one solution 5-Chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, tech grade, >14% in water. CMI/MI >2.0 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one 5-Chloro-2-methyl-isothiazol-3(2H)-one 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3(2h)-one 5-chloro-2-methyl-isothiazol-3-one 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazolin-3-one 5-Chloro-2-methyl-Isothiazolone 5-chloro-n-methylisothiazolin-3-one 5-chloro-N-methylisothiazolone A 33 A 33 (bactericide) AB0011549 AC1L1PFN AC1Q3H9Y AJ-32372 AK-34411 AKOS006230760 AM806586 AN-5810 ANW-44440 AX8019787 BC221924 Bioace BRN 1210149 C-36253 C4H4ClNOS CAS-26172-55-4 CHEBI:53621 CHEMBL1738962 Chloromethylisothiazolone CJ-07312 CJ-30896 CMIT CS-W022348 CTK1A1887 DB-007017 DEL7T5QRPN DHNRXBZYEKSXIM-UHFFFAOYSA-N DSSTox_CID_14286 DSSTox_GSID_34286 DSSTox_RID_79138 DTXSID9034286 EBD15202 EINECS 247-500-7 FCH917348 FT-0082495 FT-0620267 GS-3223 HS 818 HS 818 (antiseptic) HSDB 8270 Jsp005147 Kathon CG 5243 Kathon IXE Kathon WT KS-000025XC LS-86318 MCI MCI/MI Methylchloroisothiazolinone methylchloro-isothiazolinone MFCD00792550 NCGC00181041-01 NCGC00181041-02 NCGC00254127-01 N-Methyl-5-chloroisothiazolin-3-one n-methyl-5-chloroisothiazolone N-Methyl-5-chloroisothiazolone (5-Chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one) 

 

CMIT

EC / List no.: 247-500-7

CAS no.: 26172-55-4

Mol. formula: C4H4ClNOS

5-chloro-2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one

5-chloro-2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one

5-Chloro-2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one (CIT)

5-Chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one

5-Chloro-2-methyl-isothiazolin-3(2H)-one

IUPAC names

3(2H) -Isothiazolone, 5-chloro-2-methyl-

3(2H)-Isothiazolone, 5-chloro-2-methyl-

5-chlor-2-methyl-4-isothiazol-3-one

5-chloro-2-methyl- 4-isothiazolin-3-one

5-chloro-2-methyl-1,2-thiazol-3-one

5-chloro-2-methyl-1,2-thiazol-3-one hydrochloride

5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1,2-thiazol-3-one

5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one

CMIT

Iso-thiazolinon-Derivate

 

 

MIT

EC / List no.: 220-239-6

CAS no.: 2682-20-4

Mol. formula: C4H5NOS

2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one

2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one

EC Inventory, Pre-Registration process, EU. Cosmetics Regulation Annex V, Allowed Preservatives

2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one

EU. Com. Reg. No 10/2011 on plastic materials in contact with food

2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one

C&L Inventory, EU. Worker Protection-Hazardous (98/24), EU. Dangerous Substances - Eco-Labels, EU. Workplace Signs, EU. Hazardous Waste Properties: Annex III (2008/98/EC), EU. Young People at Work (94/33)

2-methylisothiazolin-3(2H)-one

EU. Substances Restricted in Toy

Methylisothiazolinone

Other

Translated names

2-Methyl-(2H)-isothiazol-3-on (de)

2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-on (MIT) (da)

2-methyl-2H-isothiazol-3-one (MIT) (mt)

2-Methyl-2H-isothiazool-3-on (MIT) (nl)

2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-on (cs)

2-methylisothiazool-3(2H)-on (nl)

2-methyltetrahydroisothiazol-3(2H)-on (MIT) (cs)

2-Metil-2H-isotiazol-3-ona (MIT) (es)

2-metil-2H-isotiazol-3-one (MIT) (it)

2-metil-2H-isotiazol-3-onă (MIT) (ro)

2-metil-2H-izotiazol-3-on (MIT) (hr)

2-metil-2H-izotiazol-3-onas (MIT) (lt)

2-Metil-2H-izotiazol-3-ons (MIT) (lv)

2-metilisotiazol-3(2H)-on (hu)

2-Metilisotiazol-3(2H)-ona (es)

2-metilisotiazol-3(2H)-one (it)

2-metilizotiazol-3(2H)-on (hr)

2-metilizotiazol-3(2H)-onas (lt)

2-metilizotiazol-3(2H)-ons (lv)

2-metilizotiazol-3(2H)-onă (ro)

2-metyl-(2H)-izotiazol-3-ón (sk)

2-metyl-2H-isotiazol-3-on (MIT) (sv)

2-metyl-2H-izotiazol-3-ón (MIT) (sk)

2-metylisotiazol-3(2H)-on (sv)

2-metylo-2H-izotiazol-3-on (MIT) (pl)

2-metyloizotiazol-3(2H)-on (pl)

2-metyyli-2H-isotiatsol-3-oni (MIT) (fi)

2-metyyli-isotiatsol-3(2H)-oni (fi)

2-metüül-2H-isotiasool-3-oon (MIT) (et)

2-metüülisotiasool-3(2H)-oon (et)

2-méthyl-2H-isothiazole-3-one (MIT) (fr)

2-méthylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (fr)

2-Μεθυλ-2H-ισοδιαζολ-3-όνη (MIT) (el)

2-μεθυλισοθειαζολ-3(2H)-όνη (el)

2-метил-2H-изотиазол-3-он (MIT) (bg)

2-метилизотиазол-3(2H)-он (bg)

IUPAC names

2-Methyl-1,2-thiazol-3(2H)-one

2-methyl-1,2-thiazol-3-one

2-methyl-1,2-thiazol-3-one hydrochloride

2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1,2-thiazol-3-one

2-Methyl-3(2H)-isothiazolon

2-Methyl-3(2H)-isothiazolone

2-methyl-4- isothiazolin-3-one

2-Methyl-4-isothiazol-3-one

2-Methylisothiazolin-3-one

3(2H) -Isothiazolone, 2-methyl-

3(2H)-Isothiazolone, 2-methyl-

Trade names

Kordek™ 573T biocide dry material

 

 

 

Methylchloroisothiazolinone, also referred to as MCI, is a preservative with antibacterial and antifungal effects within the group of isothiazolinones. These compounds have an 

active sulphur moiety that is able to oxidize thiol-containing residues, thereby effectively killing most aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.[1] Methylchloroisothiazolinone is 

effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and fungi.

Methylchloroisothiazolinone is found in many water-based personal care products and cosmetics. Methylchloroisothiazolinone was first used in cosmetics in the 1970s. It is also 

used in glue production, detergents, paints, fuels, and other industrial processes. Methylchloroisothiazolinone is known by the registered tradename Kathon CG when used in

combination with methylisothiazolinone.

Methylchloroisothiazolinone may be used in combination with other preservatives including ethylparaben, benzalkonium chloride, and bronopol.

 

Methylchloroisothiazolinone can cause allergic reactions in some people. The first publication of the preservative as a contact allergen was in 1988. Cases of photoaggravated 

allergic contact dermatitis, i.e. worsening of skin lesions after sun exposure, have also been reported.

In pure form or in high concentrations, methylchloroisothiazolinone is a skin and membrane irritant and causes chemical burns. In the United States, maximum authorized 

concentrations are 15 ppm in rinse-offs (of a mixture in the ratio 3:1 of 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol 3(2H)-one and 2-methylisothiazol-3 (2H)-one). In Canada, 

methylchloroisothiazolinone may only be used in rinse-off products in combination with methylisothiazolinone, the total concentration of the combination may not exceed 15 ppm.

IUPAC name

5-Chloro-2-methyl-1,2-thiazol-3(2H)-one

Other names

5-Chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one

5-Chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one

Chloromethylisothiazolinone

Chloromethylisothiazolone

Methylchloroisothiazolinone

Methylchloroisothiazolone

CMI

CMIT

MCI

MCIT

Methylchloroisothiazolinone

Preferred IUPAC name

2-Methyl-1,2-thiazol-3(2H)-one

Other names

2-Methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one

2-Methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one

 

Methylisothiazolinone and other isothiazolinone-derived biocides are used for controlling microbial growth in water-containing solutions.Two of the most widely used 

isothiazolinone biocides are 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (chloromethylisothiazolinone or CMIT) and 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (methylisothiazolinone or MIT), 

which are the active ingredients in a 3:1 mixture (CMIT:MIT) sold commercially as Kathon. Kathon is supplied to manufacturers as a concentrated stock solution containing 

from 1.5-15% of CMIT/MIT. For applications the recommended use level is from 6 ppm to 75 ppm active isothiazolones. Biocidal applications range from industrial water storage 

tanks to cooling units, in processes as varied as mining, paper manufacturing, metalworking fluids and energy production.

 

Kathon also has been used to control slime in the manufacture of paper products that contact food. In addition, this product serves as an antimicrobial agent in latex adhesives 

and in paper coatings that also contact food

 

One isothiazolinone, Sea-Nine 211 (4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolino-3-one, DCOI), has quickly replaced tributyltin as the antifouling agent of choice in ship hull paint. 

A recent study reported the presence of DCOI in both port water and sediment samples in Osaka, Japan, especially in weakly circulating mooring areas. Of environmental concern,

 DCOI levels predicted in marinas now are considered a threat to various marine invertebrate species. Isothiazolinones also are extremely toxic to fish.

 

In industrial use, the greatest occupational inhalation exposure occurs during open pouring. Non-occupational exposure to isothiazolinones by the general population also occurs, 

albeit at much lower concentrations.[6] These compounds are present in a very large number of commonly used cosmetics. “Leave-on” cosmetics (hand-creams, lotions, etc.) 

contain 15 parts per million (100 micromolar) of combined CMIT/MIT.

 

Methylisothiazolinone, MIT, or MI, (sometimes erroneously called methylisothiazoline), is a powerful synthetic biocide and preservative within the group of isothiazolinones, 

which is used in numerous personal care products and a wide range of industrial applications.

 

It is a cytotoxin that may affect different types of cells. Its use for a wide range of personal products for humans, such as cosmetics, lotions, moisturizers, sanitary wipes, 

shampoos, and sunscreens, more than doubled during the first decade of the twenty-first century and has been reported as a contact sensitizing agent by the European Commission’s 

Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety.

 

Industrial applications also are quite wide ranging, from preservative and sanitizing uses to antimicrobial agents, energy production, metalworking fluids, mining, paint manufacturing,

 and paper manufacturing, many of which increase potential exposure to it by humans as well as organisms, both terrestrial and marine. Industrial applications in marine environments

 are proving to be toxic to marine life, for instance, when the effect of its now almost-universal use in boat hull paint was examined

 

 

Exocide 1012 by Ataman Chemicals is a blend of Isothiazolinones and is composed of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-thiazoline-3-ketone (CMIT) and 2-methyl-4-thiazoline-3-ketone (MIT).

 

 

Nipacide CI

BIOCIDE FOR IN-CAN PRESERVATION

Nipacide CI is an in-can biocide based on CMIT/MIT.

 

Nipacide CI is a water based biocide, developed for the complete in-can protection of water based products including water based /Latex/PVA adhesives, PVA / Acrylic polymer emulsions, water based decorative paints, printing inks, metal working fluids and construction admixtures.

 

Nipacide CI is effective against a wide range of microorganisms including gram positive and gram negative bacteria, yeast and fungi. Thermal and pH stability for Nipacide CI is a critical consideration and it should not be used for products with pH >8.5 or production temperatures of >40 °C.

Benefits

formaldehyde-free

bactericide

fungicide

pH stable 4-9

temperature stable up to 40° C

FDA approved for various applications

 

Detailed Product Description

Soluble, synthetic, and semi-synthetic metalworking fluids or coolants provide an excellent environment for the growth of various microorganisms, including bacteria, mold, and yeast. If allowed to grow, these organisms can have detrimental effects on the fluids. For example, bacteria, which can grow very quickly, can destroy the integrity of the fluid by discoloration destroying lubricity characteristics, and causing emulsions to split. Bacteria can also reduce the pH of the fluid, which can promote corrosion. Some forms of bacteria have objectionable odors. Fungi typically grow more slowly than bacteria, but can form large masses which clog filters and lines and in some cases lead to system shutdown; fungi also generate foul odors and can cause corrosion.

 

KATHON biocides have been used safely and effectively in a variety of industries around the world for more than 20 years. In 1977 Rohm and Haas Company was granted EPA registration for KATHON 886 MW microbicide for use in metalworking fluids, in 2 piece can manufacture, hot aluminum rolling, and general machinery of ferrous and aluminum materials. In 1986, this registration was expanded to include the use of KATHON 886 MW microbicide in metal cleaners and water-based hydraulic fluids.

 

The information in this brochure has been compiled to familiarize users of KATHON 886 MW microbicide with its chemistry, to communicate the tremendous benefits of this product as well as the potential hazards, to provide directions for safe and efficient use of the product, and to aid the user in the event of misuse. Particular attention should be paid to the Compatibility section of this brochure which provides insight on the stability of KATHON 886 MW microbicide with individual components and additives frequently used in metalworking fluid operations.

 

KATHON 886 MW microbicide can be used safely and effectively by following the instructions and precautions outlined in this brochure, on the product label, and on the Rohm and Haas Material Safety Data Sheet.

 

The bactericidal effect of Isothiazolinones is carried out through breaking the bond between the bacteria and algae protein. The product can be used in many industrial applications 

to inhibit microbes’ growth, and it has inhibition and biocidal effects on ordinary bacteria, fungi and algae.

 

Broad spectrum

Favorable degradation

Favorable compatibleness and stabilization with a large range of corrosion and scale inhibitors

Non-foaming

Cost effective and easy formulation

Available in drums and IBC’s

This biocidal product can be used in industrial circulating cooling water systems.

 

Other use areas include:

Oil field water

Papermaking

Leather treatment

Cutting oils

Pesticide market

Detergent & cosmetics industries

 

KATHON 886 MW

KATHON 886 MW is a formaldehyde-free, 14% active CMIT/MIT metalworking fluid microbicide for water-based cutting fluids.  KATHON 886 MW is used tankside and is recommended for use 

in soluble, semi-synthetic and synthetic metalworking fluids.

Functions: Biocide

Markets: Lubricants

Market Segments: Metalworking Fluid

Applications:

Metalworking Fluid - Cutting/Machining

Metalworking Fluid - Drawing/Stamping

Metalworking Fluid - Forging/Casting

Metalworking Fluid - Grinding

Metalworking Fluid - Other

Metalworking Fluid - Rolling

 

Isothiazolinone-based compounds, such as 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (CMIT), 2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one (MIT), and a mixture of CMIT and MIT (CMIT/MIT), are used as 

preservatives in several industrial products, such as cosmetics, paints, adhesives, and detergents. CMIT/MIT is the product of a chemical reaction between CMIT and MIT. 

It is sold under several commercial names, such as Kathon CG, Kathon 886, Kathon 886 WT, Acticide LG, Acticide 14L, Acticide 14P, Microcare IT, and Microcare ITL; these differ 

in proportions of the active ingredients, i.e., CMIT/MIT, salt, and water (1). Among isothiazolinone-based compounds, CMIT/MIT has been commonly used as a preservative since

 the early 1980s, owing to its high activity against microbial contaminants at very low concentrations and at a broad pH range (2–6).

 

Isothiazolinone-based compounds exert their antimicrobial activity via the reaction of their nitrogen (N)-sulfur (S) bonds with the thiol groups in the cell membranes of the

 target microorganisms. The oxidation of thiol groups causes formation of free radicals which can lead to cell death. In addition, these preservatives interfere with the Krebs 

cycle, which is associated with adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, consequently inhibiting the microbial growth and metabolism.

 

Before 1989, CMIT/MIT, containing 1.5% active ingredients and sold under the trade name Kathon CG and, was primarily used as a preservative in cosmetics in a ratio of 3:1. 

However, the first case of skin sensitization by cosmetics containing CMIT/MIT was reported in 1985 (7,8). Since then, several cases of skin allergy have been reported, 

identifying CMIT/MIT to be a common skin sensitizer (5,9–11). This resulted in lowering the concentration of CMIT/MIT to 0.0015% for both rinse-off products, such as shampoos, 

hair conditioners, shower gels, body wash, liquid soap, and surfactants, and leave-on products in 1989 in Europe. Similarly, in 1992, the limit was set to 0.0015% for 

rinse-off products and 0.00075% for leave-on products in the United States. Despite lowering the concentration limits of CMIT/MIT, the incidence rate of skin sensitization 

remained high and steady at 1 to 4% (14,15). At present, in Korea and Europe, the concentration of CMIT/MIT is limited to 0.0015% or less for rinse-off products.

 

 

Industrial compounds, including cosmetics, are routinely assessed and screened for their potential risks to ensure they meet the safety standards (18–22). In addition to risk 

assessment, studies on their toxicological profiles, alternative testing methods, as well as research on safety management and mechanism of action of cosmetic ingredients have

 been conducted (23–27). In the present study, we assessed the potential risk factors associated with CMIT/MIT to confirm its appropriateness for use as per the current safety 

standards for cosmetics. The risk assessment data used in the study included risk assessment guidelines; risk assessment methods; physical and chemical properties; regulatory values;

 toxicological data, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) data; and skin absorption rate of CMIT/MIT. The approach used in the present study was based on the data 

published in the international journals and that recommended by the international cosmetic risk assessment agencies (e.g., Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety [SCCS],

 Cosmetic Ingredient Review [CIR], etc.). In addition, appropriate toxicity values and factors were selected through expert discussions to assess the potential risk factors

 associated with CMIT/MIT. Finally, based on the results of the risk assessment, we also evaluated the adequacy of current CMIT/MIT regulations.

 

PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CMIT/MIT

Table 1 summarizes the physical and chemical properties, such as chemical formula and molecular weight, of CMIT, MIT and CMIT/MIT of CMIT/MIT, that were investigated.

 

Table 1

Physicochemical properties of CMIT/MIT

 

Properties Contents

 Chemical name (INCI) :Methylchloroisothiazolinone Methylisothiazolinone Methylchloroisothiazolinone/ methylisothiazolinone

 Abbreviation : CMIT MIT CMIT/MIT

 IUPAC name : 5-chloro-2-methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one 2-Methylisothiazol-3(2H)-one -

 CAS number : 26172-55-4 2682-20-4 55965-84-9

 Chemical formula : C4H4ClNOS C4H5NOS -

 Molecular weight : 149.59 115.16 -

 Synonyms : Chloromethylisothiazolinone; Chloromethylthiazolone; Methylchlorothiazolone 2-Methyl-4-isothiazolin-2-one 5-Chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and

 2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, 3:1 ratio; Chloromethylisothiazolione + Methylisothiazolinone (75% + 25%); CMIT/MIT or MCI/MIT; CIT/MIT

 Usage : Preservatives

INCI, International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients; IUPAC, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry; CAS, Chemical Abstracts Service.

 

COMMERCIAL USE

As mentioned above, CMIT/MIT is widely used as a preservative in cosmetics, paints, adhesives, detergents, and other industrial products. According to the European Union (EU) regulation,

 the permitted concentration limits of CMIT/MIT are up to 15 ppm in cosmetics, up to 15 ppm in paints, adhesives, and detergents, and over 5,000 ppm in industrial biocides (2,28). 

Among the cosmetics manufactured in Korea, 2,110 of the 100,190 products containing CMIT/MIT comprise rinse-off products, such as shampoos, rinses, and body washes

 

General toxicity

Acute toxicity

Several animal experiments demonstrated the oral lethal dose, 50% (LD50) to be 7.5 to 78.5 active ingredient (a.i.) mg/kg in rats and 30 a.i. mg/kg in rabbits (30–34). Acute oral toxicity experiments reported severe gastric irritation, lethargy, and ataxia to be the most common toxic effects (34). Dermal LD50 was calculated to be 141 a.i. mg/kg in rats and 4.5 to 130 a.i. mg/kg in several rabbit experiments (33–35). The intraperitoneal (IP) LD50 was found to be 4.3 to 4.6 a.i. mg/kg in rats, whereas the inhalation LD50 was 0.15~ ≥ 1.4 a.i. mg/L in other studies (34,36). IP administration of CMIT/MIT resulted in toxic signs, such as decreased motor activity and peritonitis, whereas inhalation of it resulted in toxic effects, such as dyspnea, salivation, and pulmonary congestion (34).

 

Subacute toxicity

Rats were administered following concentrations of CMIT/MIT for 2 weeks to determine the subacute toxicity: 0, 0.82, 2.5, 8.2, and 24.4 a.i. mg/kg bw/day. No treatment-related systemic toxicity was observed (34). However, another study reported toxicity in dogs treated with 0, 28, 84, 280, and 840 a.i. ppm for 2 weeks. A slight reduction in food consumption was reported at two high concentrations in both male and female dogs, and hematocrit values increased at high concentrations in males. In addition, leukocyte counts decreased at the two high concentrations in females, and blood glucose levels decreased slightly at high concentrations in both males and females (34). Rabbits treated with 0, 0.56, and 2.8 a.i. mg/kg bw/day for 3 weeks showed moderate dermal irritation in all groups; however, no treatment-related systemic toxicity was observed (34). In rats exposed to CMIT/MIT via inhalation for 2 weeks at concentrations of 0, 0.03, 0.07, and 0.13 a.i. mg/L, a reduction in weight gain was observed at two high concentrations, whereas death was observed at low and high concentrations. Moreover, lesions, such as pulmonary hemorrhages and swollen liver, were observed. Based on these observations, the no observed effect level (NOEL) was set at < 0.03 a.i. mg/L (34).

 

Subchronic toxicity

To evaluate the subchronic toxicity, rats were administered following CMIT/MIT concentrations: 0, 40–80, 132–260, and 400–800 ppm for 90 days. No systemic toxicity was found to be associated with the treatment, and the NOEL was set at 800 ppm (29.1 a.i. mg/kg bw/day) (37). However, after rats were treated with 0, 25, 75, and 225 a.i. ppm CMIT/MIT for 90 days, they showed irritation of the glandular stomach at 225 a.i. ppm. No histopathological changes were observed up to the highest concentration. As a result, the NOEL was set as 75 a.i. ppm, and the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was set as 225 a.i. ppm (34,38). Three independent experiments in rats and dogs treated with CMIT/MIT for approximately 3 months reported no treatment-related systemic toxicity (34,39,40). After dermal administration of CMIT/MIT (0, 0.75, 3.75, and 18.75 mg/kg bw/day) in rats for 91 days, erythema, desquamation, edema, atonia, and eschar formation were observed in all treatment groups. Accordingly, the NOAEL was estimated to be below 0.104 a.i. mg/kg bw/day, and the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) was estimated to be 0.104 a.i. mg/kg bw/day or higher (41). No treatment-related systemic toxicity was observed in rabbits’ skin at 0, 100, 200, and 400 a.i. ppm after 13 weeks of treatment (34,42). In another experiment, rats exposed to 0, 0.34, 1.15, and 2.64 a.i. mg/m3 CMIT/MIT demonstrated irritation of respiratory tract at 1.15 a.i. mg/m3, whereas no histopathological changes were observed up to the highest concentration. Therefore, the NOEL was set at 0.34 a.i. mg/m3, and the NOAEL was restricted to 2.64 a.i. mg/m3 (43) (Table 2).

 

Topical toxicity

Several skin sensitization tests using an occlusive patch were performed on rabbit skin. Treatment with CMIT/MIT concentration of 1.1 to 14.2 a.i.% resulted in severe skin irritation. Results of another experiment at four different CMIT/MIT concentrations revealed no irritation at 0.0056 a.i.%, moderate irritation at 0.28 a.i.%, and severe irritation at 0.56 and 5.6 a.i.% (34,44,45).

 

Furthermore, ocular experiments conducted in rabbits using CMIT/MIT reported severe irritation at concentrations of 1.1 to 14 a.i.%. Results of another series of experiments performed using four CMIT/MIT concentrations showed no irritation at concentrations from 0.056 to 0.01 a.i.%, weak to moderate irritation at 0.28 a.i.%, moderate to severe irritation from 0.56 to 1.7 a.i.%, and severe irritation from 2.8 to 5.6 a.i.%. In addition, cumulative irritation experiments performed in 12 rabbits using samples containing 0.0056 a.i.% CMIT/MIT at a volume of 0.1 mL for 4 weeks revealed no irritation at 0.0056 a.i.% of CMIT/MIT (34,46,47).

 

In another experiment, the bovine cornea was treated with CMIT/MIT, MIT, or CMIT/1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT) for 10 min to assess eye irritation (48). After the cornea was washed, it was placed in the complete minimum essential medium (cMEM) for more than 2 hr (48). Corneal permeability was measured using the fluorine dye solution to confirm the final turbidity (48). The in vitro score (IVS) was calculated by measuring the turbidity and absorbance, and evaluated by a predictive model designed by Gautheron et al (49). IVS refers to the intensity of the stimulation; an IVS of 3 or more indicates presence of an irritant (49). The MIT/BIT (21.8 ± 3.2) and CMIT/MIT (16.8 ± 7.3) groups showed a stronger ocular stimulation than the MIT (9.3 ± 5.3) alone treatment group (48). Overall, these agents were considered to be mild eye irritants (48). In addition, a respiratory irritation experiment on rates determined the 50% respiratory rate decrease (RD50) to be 69 μg/L (9.4 a.i. μg/L) after a 407 μg/L CMIT/MIT treatment (50).

 

Skin sensitization

To evaluate the effects of CMIT/MIT on skin sensitization, the local lymph node assay (LLNA) was utilized. Results of this test revealed the effective concentration (EC3 (%)), i.e., the concentration at which the stimulation index of the test substance increases threefold or higher as compared to the control, to be 30 to 70 ppm (0.75 to 2 a.i. μg/cm2) after CMIT/MIT treatment (51,52). In another study, the EC3 (%) was estimated to be 1.2 and 2.1 a.i. μg/cm2 (53,54). Based on these data, CMIT/MIT was identified as an extreme skin sensitizer in animals.

 

A number of skin sensitization experiments have also been performed in humans. Cardin et al. (55) performed a repeated patch test to assess the effects of CMIT/MIT in 1,450 individuals. Occlusive patches were induced thrice with CMIT/MIT per week for 3 weeks and maintained for 24 hr. CMIT/MIT was tested for a prototype concentration of 5 to 20 ppm and for various products. As a result, no skin sensitization was observed in products containing less than 12.5 ppm of CMIT/MIT, and only one or two cases of skin sensitization occurred in shampoos containing 12.5 ppm and water containing 20 ppm (55).

 

An occlusive patch test was also performed in nine volunteers. A patch containing 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 25, 50, and 100 ppm of CMIT/MIT was applied on the volunteers for 48 hr. No skin reaction was observed at concentrations below 15 ppm. However, one patient treated with 25 ppm, six patients treated with 50 ppm, and nine patients treated with 100 ppm of CMIT/MIT demonstrated a skin sensitization response. Accordingly, CMIT/MIT was evaluated as a skin sensitizer at high treatment concentrations (56).

 

In another study, an occlusive patch test using an aqueous solution containing 25 ppm of CMIT/MIT was performed in 18 volunteers. The patches were placed on patients for 24 hr, 3 times a week for 3 weeks. One volunteer showed a skin sensitization reaction. A skin sensitization response also appeared when the applicant was rechallenged 6 weeks later. Based on these results, investigators determined that 25 ppm of CMIT/MIT could cause skin sensitization (34).

 

Based on a number of skin sensitization studies, the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) reported data comparing the mouse sensitization threshold by the LLNA test to the human sensitization threshold by the human sensitization test. In this report, the threshold for mice was set at 2.25 μg/cm2, whereas the threshold for humans was set at 1.25 μg/cm2 (57).

 

Developmental/reproductive toxicity

To determine the effects of CMIT/MIT on reproductive ability, rats were administered 30, 100, and 300 a.i. ppm of CMIT/MIT in drinking water. The control group was administered water and magnesium salt (Table 3). A total of 26 males and females were present in each group. The CMIT/MIT concentrations were administered to two generations of rats at 0, 2.8–4.4, 8.5–11.8, and 22.7–28.0 a.i. mg/kg bw/day in the first parental generation (P1), and 0, 4.3–5.5, 13.4–16.0, and 35.7–39.1 a.i. mg/kg bw/day in the second parental generation (P2). In the P1 and P2, concentration-dependent histopathological changes were observed in the stomach. At concentrations of 100 and 300 a.i. ppm, erosion, hyperplasia, and hyperkeratosis were observed. When compared to the control group, neither the female estrus cycle in the P1 and P2 nor the male sperm motility, shape, and number were affected. Moreover, no differences in the other reproductive endpoints compared to the control group were observed. In both generations, gastric irritation was observed at medium and high concentrations; thus, the parental NOAEL of CMIT/MIT was set at 30 ppm a.i. (P1: 2.8–4.4 mg/kg bw/day; P2: 4.3–5.5 mg/kg bw/day). The NOEL for reproductive toxicity was set at 300 ppm a.i. (P1: 22.7–28.0 mg/kg bw/day; P2: 35.7–39.1 mg/kg bw/day). No reproductive toxicity up to the highest concentration was noted (58).

 

In addition, CMIT/MIT was administered via drinking water to 10 male and 10 female rats per group for 15 weeks at concentrations of 0, 25, 75, and 225 ppm. Following this, mating was performed within the same treatment group. No toxicity to parents and fetus was observed at 21 days after delivery (34).

 

Furthermore, oral administration experiments were performed in rats at 5 to 15 days of gestation. The experimental groups were treated with CMIT/MIT concentrations of 1.5, 4.5, and 15 a.i. mg/kg bw/day, whereas the control group received distilled water. Twenty-five pregnant rats per group were selected in which the dose-dependent maternal toxicity was observed. One rat at low concentrations, two at medium concentrations, and three at high concentrations died due to wheezing, alopecia, and gastric irritation. No other reproductive or teratogenic toxicity was observed. Based on these results, a developmetal NOEL was selected at dose of greater than 15 mg/kg bw/day (59).

 

In addition, embryotoxic and fetotoxic effects were reported in rabbits at 6 to 18 days post-pregnancy. Fifteen rabbits per group were administered 0, 1.5, 4.4, and 13.3 a.i. mg/kg bw/day of CMIT/MIT. This study reported that 0, 5, 12, and 14 rabbits per group, resepectively, were died at these concentrations due to development of ataxia, diarrhea, and severe gastric irritation. A decrease in the number of surviving fetuses, increase in the number of resorption sites, and loss at post-implantation stage were observed. No other treatment-related teratogenic toxicity was observed (34).

 

According to the data reported by SCCS (1), additional studies were conducted; however, no detailed information was provided (60–63).

 

Genotoxicity

A reverse mutation test (Ames test) using CMIT/MIT was performed in Salmonella typhimurium. Numerous studies have reported CMIT/MIT to mutate TA100 strain of S. typhimurium in the presence or absence of S9 (64–69). In addition, CMIT/MIT is also known to mutate TA98, TA102, TA1535, and TA1537 strains of S. typhimurium (68), and has a negative response in E. coli (69).

 

A positive effect by CMIT/MIT was observed in the gene mutation assay using mouse lymphoma cell line. The CMIT/MIT treatment concentration range was selected as nontoxic to 10% relative growth. As a result, CMIT/MIT increased mutant frequencies by up to 10 times (70–72).

 

Moreover, CMIT/MIT did not induce an unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS). In this experiment, primary hepatocytes from rats were treated with CMIT/MIT at 0.00375 to 7.5 a.i. μg/mL for 20 hours. Cytotoxicity was observed only at concentrations above 0.75 a.i. μg/mL (72,73).

 

In vitro chromosomal aberration experiments using Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts were conducted where cells were treated with CMIT/MIT at concentrations of 0.00045 to 0.12 a.i. μg/mL. Although toxicity was observed at 0.015 to 0.12 a.i. μg/mL, the number of chromosomal aberrations did not increase as compared to the control group (74).

 

A chromosome aberration test was also performed using the bone marrow cells of rats. Groups of five rats per group were administered 0, 0.28, 2.8, and 28 a.i. mg/kg bw/day of CMIT/MIT for 5 consecutive days. In this study, CMIT/MIT did not induce chromosomal changes (75).

 

In addition, a chromosome aberration test and a micronucleus assay were performed in mice, and a UDS study was performed in rats (76–83). These studies also did not induce genotoxicity.

 

A gender-linked recessive lethal test was performed in Drosophila melanogaster. The number of lethal cases in the progeny after oral and injection treatment was examined. No mutagenesis in the experimental animals was reported (72,84).

 

Several genotoxicity experiments showed positive in vitro results for CMIT/MIT. However, the data published by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) consider the in vitro studies in the mammalian system to predict genotoxicity as inappropriate (13).

 

Carcinogenicity

According to the reported data, two types of carcinogenicity studies were performed for CMIT/MIT. First, CMIT/MIT was administered via drinking water to rats at concentrations of 30, 100, and 300 a.i. ppm for 2 years. The control group received water and magnesium salt. Ninety males and 80 females were present in each group. Blood and urine samples were evaluated at regular intervals throughout the study, and at the end of the experiment, histopathological examination was performed by autopsy. The survival rates at all doses in both male and female rats were found to be similar to those reported in the control group. No changes in physical, hematological, clinical chemistry, ophthalmological, or organ weight were observed during the duration of administration in any dose group. During the administration, no changes in body weight were observed in the dose groups, but a concentration-dependent decrease in water consumption was observed in the 30 a.i. ppm group (0–22%), the 100 a.i. ppm group (3–30%), and the 300 a.i. ppm group (15–40%). This was attributed to the unpleasant taste of CMIT/MIT, not the salt, which acted as a drug stabilizer. No evidence of treatment-related neoplasms or systemic toxicity was observed, ruling out CMIT/MIT to be a carcinogen. Based on the observed gastric irritation in the stomach at 100 a.i. ppm and 300 a.i. ppm, the NOEL and NOAEL were determined to be 30 a.i. ppm and 300 a.i. ppm, respectively (85).

 

Dermal carcinogenicity studies were also conducted in mice for 30 months. Mice were administered 0 and 400 a.i. ppm of CMIT/MIT, and 1,000 a.i. ppm of 3-methylcholanthrene was selected as the positive control. Each treatment group consisted of 40 mice. CMIT/MIT was mixed with distilled water to obtain a total volume of 25 μL and administered to the shaved dorsal skin of mice. At the end of this experiment, all animals were autopsied and histopathologically analyzed. All positive control groups died within 16 months due to development of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin that metastasized to the lungs, kidneys, and spleen. Focal hyperplasia and dermal inflammation were observed in the CMIT/MIT treatment group; however, no treatment-related neoplasms were observed. No other histopathological adverse effects on tissues and organs were reported. Based on these results, CMIT/MIT was found to be a non-carcinogenic compound (86).

 

Phototoxicity

To assess the phototoxicity of CMIT/MIT on humans a patch of 2 cm2 containing 15 a.i. ppm of CMIT/MIT was applied to the forearms of 2 males and 23 females for 24 hr. After this, one arm was exposed to ultraviolet A (UV-A) (4,400 μW/cm2 wavelength) for 15 min (stimulated). Stimulated and non-stimulated skin was examined immediately after irradiation, and 24, 48, and 72 hr after irradiation. The tanning effects of the irradiated sites were also investigated after 1 week. According to the results obtained, no phototoxic effect by CMIT/MIT on human skin was observed (87).

 

Toxicokinetics

To study the kinetics of CMIT/MIT after its administration, two pairs of male and female rats were orally administered CMIT/MIT in liquid form for 7 days. The absorption, distribution, and excretion of CMIT/MIT were studied. After 7 days, a total of 25 organs were extracted, and the distribution of CMIT/MIT was examined by radiography. CMIT/MIT was found to be uniformly distributed in animals, with the highest residues present in the digestive and excretory organs. CMIT/MIT was detected at concentrations as low as 0.12 to 0.5 ppm in the brain, spinal cord, and gonads. Most of it (87 to 93%) was excreted in the form of urine or feces. The half-life of CMIT/MIT was determined to be less than 1 day. There were no metabolic differences based on gender, and the metabolic rate of CMIT was slightly less than that of MIT. This study concluded that CMIT/MIT is readily absorbed in the organs; however, most of it is excreted within a day and only small amounts of it are distributed in the tissues (34,88).

 

Further experiments were performed to confirm the absorption and disposition of CMIT/MIT by intravenous (IV) or dermal administration in rats. It was observed that CMIT/MIT was rapidly distributed in the blood, liver, kidneys, and testes when administered via IV, as evident from its rapid clearance from plasma within 96 hr with only 29% of the dose remaining in the plasma. This is because CMIT/MIT binds to hemoglobin and is slowly removed by the liver and spleen. By 96 hr, excretion in the form of feces, urine, and respiration was 35, 31, and 4% of the initial dose, respectively. Skin absorption studies estimated the absorption rate in rats to be up to 94%. In addition, systemic bioavailability was evaluated to be significantly lower (89).

 

A concentration range-finding study of CMIT/MIT was conducted in rats by administering the compound via skin, oral, and IV routes. In this experiment, the skin absorption rate was estimated to be 26 to 43% depending on the concentration. While most CMIT/MIT was released less than 24 hr after its oral administration, a majority of it could be released only after more than 48 hr when administered transdermally. In addition, CMIT/MIT and its metabolites were found to interact strongly with erythrocytes. In conclusion, this study found no concentration-dependent significant differences in skin absorption of CMIT/MIT (90). Based on these results, metabolite profiles of CMIT/MIT were studied in rats. After oral administration, 50 to 77% of CMIT/MIT was excreted in urine and 23 to 54% in feces after 24 hr. In the skin exposure experiment, 20 to 28% of CMIT/MIT was excreted in the urine, whereas 1 to 2% of CMIT/MIT was excreted in the feces. Thus, exposure to skin showed a much slower elimination rate as compared to oral exposure. According to the results of this experiment, no differences in the metabolic profile of CMIT/MIT were observed when administered through different routes (91).

 

In another study, a skin absorption experiment using a blood sample from rabbits was performed. Occlusion patches were repeatedly treated with CMIT/MIT, and blood was collected up to 55 hr after treatment. The results demonstrated no CMIT/MIT in the blood (34).

 

Eight in vitro studies to analyze skin absorption rate of CMIT/MIT were conducted. Rat skin exposed to CMIT/MIT was extracted at several time intervals and rate of skin absorption was measured in a Franz diffusion cell. The amount of CMIT/MIT that bound or passed through the skin was calculated. The skin absorption rate for CMIT/MIT was calculated to be 99 and 117% at 3 and 6 hr, respectively. The maximum skin absorption rate after 48 to 96 hr was found to be 80% (92).

 

 

Cas No : 55965-84-9
Synonyms :

5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-2H -isothiazol-3-one (3:1), CMIT /MIT, koruyucu, biyosit. Exocide CC, Acticide 14, Acticide MV, Kathon W, Kathon 886, Nipacide CC, Cas No : 55965-84-9, Acticide, Nipacide CI, 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one , 2-methyl-2H -isothiazol-3-one (3:1), CMIT, MIT, Mergal ; Exocide CC, Acticide 14, Acticide MV, Kathon W, Kathon 886, Nipacide CC, Cas No : 55965-84-9, Acticide, Nipacide CI, 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one , 2-methyl-2H -isothiazol-3-one (3:1), CMIT, MIT, Mergal 5- KLORO-2-METİL-4-İSOTİYAZOLİN-3-ON ; 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one and 2-methyl-2H -isothiazol-3-one (3:1), CMIT /MIT, koruyucu, biyosit. 5 CHLORO-2-METHYL-4-ISOTHIAZOLIN-3-ONE 5- CHLORO-2-METHYL-4-IZOTHIAZOLIN-3-ONE ; 5- KLORO-2-METİL-4-IZOTHIAZOLIN-3-ONE 5- CHLORO-2-METHYL-4-ISOTHIAZOLIN-3-ONE 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-on ; EXOCIDE CC ; cmit ; mit ;
5-chloro-2-methyl-4-izzothiazolin-3-one5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-on
5-chlor-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one
5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one
5-chlor-2-methyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one

5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isotioazolin-3-one
5- CHLORO-2-METHYL-4-ISOTHIAZOLIN-3-ON
5-KLORO-2-METİL-4-IZOTIYAZOLIN-3-ON
5-KLORO-2-METİL-4-IZOTIYAZOLIN
5- CHLORO 2 METHYL 4 ISOTHIAZOLIN 3 ON


EXOCIDE CC is used as biocide inside the box protective paint in detergent, paint etc. application


5- CHLORO-2-METHYL-4-ISOTHIAZOLIN-3-ONE Deterjan, boya vb uygulamalarda kutu içi koruyucu, biyosit olarak kullanılır.

Ataman Chemicals © 2015 All Rights Reserved.