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Оксид сурьмы (III) Antimony(III) oxide

 Оксид сурьмы (III)  Antimony(III) oxide

Описание

Триоксид сурьмы — неорганическое вещество, бинарное соединение трехвалентной сурьмы и кислорода. Встречается в природе в виде двух минералов (валентинита и сенармонтита) с одинаковой химической формулой Sb2O3, но разной пространственной организацией кристаллов.

Массово вещество получают обжигом сульфидных руд, содержащих сурьму, а также окислением сурьмы в промышленных конверторах.

 

Свойства

Белый мелкокристаллический порошок, не водорастворимый, без запаха. Считается огне- и взрывобезопасным.

 

Обладает амфотерными свойствами, то есть вступает в реакции как с кислотами, так и со щелочами, образуя разнообразные соли сурьмы. Реагирует с атомарным водородом. При нагревании взаимодействует с кислородом и молекулярным водородродом.

Оксид сурьмы(III) — бинарное неорганическое соединение металла сурьмы и кислорода с формулой Sb2O3, белые кристаллы, нерастворимые в воде.

 

Применение

Для получение сурьмы высокой чистоты.

Компонент оптических стёкол и эмалей.

Пигмент.

Протрава и антипирен.

Катализатор в процессе получения полиэтилентерефталата поликонденсацией терефталевой кислоты и этиленгликоля

 

Систематическое

наименование Оксид сурьмы

Традиционные названия Сесквиоксид сурьмы

Хим. формула Sb2O3

 

 

(0)

Фасовка: кг

Оксид сурьмы (III) — бинарное неорганическое соединение металла сурьмы и кислорода с формулой Sb2O3, белые кристаллы, нерастворимые в воде.

Сининимы: окись сурьмы (III), трехокись сурьмы, сурьма 3 оксид

 

Синонимы и иностранные названия:

antimony(III) oxide (англ.)

валентинит (рус.)

сурьмы трехокись (рус.)

Название вещества с нормальным (не справочным) порядком слов русского языка:

оксид сурьмы(III)

Тип вещества:

неорганическое

Внешний вид:

бел. кубические кристаллы

Брутто-формула (по системе Хилла для органических веществ):

O3Sb2

Формула в виде текста:

Sb2O3

Молекулярная масса (в а.е.м.): 291,5

Температура плавления (в °C):

656

Температура кипения (в °C):

1456

Температуры полиморфных переходов (в °C):

кубические крист. (α) в ромбические крист. (β) = 572°C

Растворимость (в г/100 г растворителя или характеристика):

аммиак жидкий: не растворим [Лит.]

ацетон: не растворим [Лит.]

вода: 0,002 (17°C) [Лит.]

Плотность:

5,19 (25°C, г/см3, состояние вещества - кристаллы)

Способы получения:

Образуется при нагревании сурьмы на воздухе выше температуры плавления. [Лит.]

Реакции вещества:

Растворяется в соляной кислоте. [Лит.]

Растворяется в растворе винной кислоты. [Лит.]

Восстанавливается до сурьмы при нагревании с углем. [Лит.]

Восстанавливается до сурьмы при нагревании в токе водорода. [Лит.]

Восстанавливается до сурьмы при нагревании с цианидом калия. [Лит.]

При прокаливании на воздухе образует оксид сурьмы(III,V). [Лит.]

Растворяется в щелочах с образованием неустойчивых растворов тетрагидроксиантимонитов. [Лит.]

Реакции, в которых вещество не участвует:

Не растворяется в разбавленных серной и азотной кислотах. [Лит.]

 

 

Давление паров (в мм.рт.ст.):

0,1 (512°C)

1 (577°C)

10 (660°C)

100 (953°C)

Стандартная энтальпия образования ΔH (298 К, кДж/моль)

-720,3 (т) [для кубической формы] [Лит.]

Стандартная энтропия S (298 К, Дж/(моль·K))

110,4 (т) [для кубической формы] [Лит.]

Стандартная мольная теплоемкость Cp (298 К, Дж/(моль·K))

111,8 (т) [для кубической формы] [Лит.]

Летальная доза (ЛД50, в мг/кг):

3250 (крысы, внутрибрюшинно)

172 (мыши, внутрибрюшинно)

Дополнительная информация::

Реагирует с горячей концентрированной серной кислотой.

 

Дополнительная информация:

При нагревании окрашивается в желтый цвет, при охлаждении вновь белеет.

 

Antimony(III) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O3. It is the most important commercial compound of antimony. It is found in nature as the minerals valentinite and senarmontite.[3] Like most polymeric oxides, Sb2O3 dissolves in aqueous solutions with hydrolysis.

Production and properties

Global production of antimony(III) oxide in 2012 was 130,000 tonnes, an increase from 112,600 tonnes in 2002. China produces the largest share followed by US/Mexico, Europe, Japan and 

South Africa and other countries (2%).

 

As of 2010, antimony(III) oxide was produced at four sites in EU27. It is produced via two routes, re-volatilizing of crude antimony(III) oxide and by oxidation of antimony metal. 

Oxidation of antimony metal dominates in Europe. Several processes for the production of crude antimony(III) oxide or metallic antimony from virgin material. The choice of process

 depends on the composition of the ore and other factors. Typical steps include mining, crushing and grinding of ore, sometimes followed by froth flotation and separation of the metal 

using pyrometallurgical processes (smelting or roasting) or in a few cases (e.g. when the ore is rich in precious metals) by hydrometallurgical processes. These steps do not take place 

in the EU but closer to the mining location.

 

Re-volatilizing of crude antimony(III) oxide

Step 1) Crude stibnite is oxidized to crude antimony(III) oxide using furnaces operating at approximately 500 to 1,000 °C. The reaction is the following:

 

2 Sb2S3 + 9 O2 → 2 Sb2O3 + 6 SO2

Step 2) The crude antimony(III) oxide is purified by sublimation.

 

Oxidation of antimony metal

Antimony metal is oxidized to antimony(III) oxide in furnaces. The reaction is exothermic. Antimony(III) oxide is formed through sublimation and recovered in bag filters. The size of

 the formed particles is controlled by process conditions in furnace and gas flow. The reaction can be schematically described by:

4 Sb + 3 O2 → 2 Sb2O3

Properties

Antimony(III) oxide is an amphoteric oxide, it dissolves in aqueous sodium hydroxide solution to give the meta-antimonite NaSbO2, which can be isolated as the trihydrate. Antimony(III)

 oxide also dissolves in concentrated mineral acids to give the corresponding salts, which hydrolyzes upon dilution with water.[5] With nitric acid, the trioxide is oxidized to 

antimony(V) oxide.

 

When heated with carbon, the oxide is reduced to antimony metal. With other reducing agents such as sodium borohydride or lithium aluminium hydride, the unstable and very toxic gas 

stibine is produced. When heated with potassium bitartrate, a complex salt potassium antimony tartrate, KSb(OH)2•C4H2O6 is formed.

 

Structure

The structure of Sb2O3 depends on the temperature of the sample. Dimeric Sb4O6 is the high temperature (1560 °C) gas. Sb4O6 molecules are bicyclic cages, similar to the related oxide

 of phosphorus(III), phosphorus trioxide. The cage structure is retained in a solid that crystallizes in a cubic habit. The Sb-O distance is 197.7 pm and the O-Sb-O angle of 95.6°.

 This form exists in nature as the mineral senarmontite.[9] Above 606 °C, the more stable form is orthorhombic, consisting of pairs of -Sb-O-Sb-O- chains that are linked by oxide bridges

 between the Sb centers. This form exists in nature as the mineral valentinite.

 

IUPAC name: Antimony(III) oxide

Other names: Antimony sesquioxide

Antimonous oxide

Flowers of Antimony

Identifiers

CAS Number: 1309-64-4

 

antimony trioxide

appropriate for use as a flame retardant synergist used in combination with a halogen compound. Many materials utilize its flame retardant properties including plastics, rubber,

paints, paper, textiles and electronics. Antimony trioxide is appropriate for use in polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), ethylene propylene diene M-class rubber (EPDM), polyvinyl

chloride (PVC), high impact polystyrene (HIPS), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyurethanes, phenolics, epoxies, and many others. Other applications of antimony trioxide include

a clarifying agent for glass, an opacifier for porcelain and enamel, and a white pigment

 

 

Antimon (III) oksit, Sb₂O₃ formülüne sahip inorganik bileşiktir. Antimonun en önemli ticari bileşiğidir. Doğada valentinite ve senarmontit mineralleri olarak bulunur. Çoğu polimerik 

oksit gibi, Sb₂O₃ hidroliz ile sulu çözeltilerde çözünür.

 

Antimony trioxide is formed by reacting antimony trichloride (SbCl3) with water. It is used in combination with some brominated flame retardants, and might also be used in conjunction 

with zinc borate, both within and outside the United States on commercial furniture, draperies, wall coverings, and carpets (R.C.Kidder, Flame Retardant Chemical Association, unpublished

 material, April 21, 1998). It is also used in enamels, glasses, rubber, plastics, adhesives, textiles, paper, and as a paint pigment (Budavari et al. 1989).

 

Antimony Trioxide

Antimony trioxide, also known as antimony oxide or Sb2O3, is the most widely produced compound of elemental antimony. The nations that produce the most antimony trioxide are China,

South Africa, Bolivia, Russia, Tajikistan, and Kyrgyzstan. Typical applications for antimony trioxide include flame retardant synergist for use in plastics, rubber, paints, paper, 

textiles, and electronics; polyethylene terephthalate polymerization catalyst; a clarifying agent for glass; an opacifier for porcelain and enamel; and a white pigment for paint. 

When used as a flame retardant, antimony trioxide is often used in combination with halogenated compounds. Antimony trioxide is used as a synergist to enhance the activity of the 

halogenated flame retardant. In the absence of antimony trioxide about twice as much halogenated compound would be needed to reach the same level of flame retardancy.

 

 

Antimony trioxide (Antimony oxide)

CAS Registry Number 1309-64-4

 

What is it?

Antimony trioxide is an industrial chemical and also occurs naturally in the environment.

How is it used?

In Canada, antimony trioxide is primarily used in combination with other compounds to provide flame retardant properties. Flame retardants used in household items such as mattress covers, furniture and carpets may contain antimony trioxide.

Antimony trioxide is also used in the manufacturing of a plastic material known as polyethylene terephthalate (PET).

 

Antimony trioxide (Antimony oxide)

CAS Registry Number 1309-64-4

 

What is it?

Antimony trioxide is an industrial chemical and also occurs naturally in the environment.

How is it used?

In Canada, antimony trioxide is primarily used in combination with other compounds to provide flame retardant properties. Flame retardants used in household items such as mattress covers, furniture and carpets may contain antimony trioxide.

Antimony trioxide is also used in the manufacturing of a plastic material known as polyethylene terephthalate (PET).

Sodium Antimonate

Sodium antimonate [15593-75-6], Na3SbO4, another antimony synergist of commercial importance, has an antimony content of 61–63 wt % and a bulk density of 39.4–46.4 kg/m3. Properties are given in Table 2. It is made by oxidizing antimony trioxide using sodium nitrate and caustic. It is a white powder and has a pH of around 9–11 when dissolved in water.

 

Sodium antimonate contains less antimony than either antimony trioxide or pentoxide and is thus less effective. However, its unique pH and low refractive index makes the antimonate

 the most desirable synergist for polymers that hydrolyze when processed with acidic additives or in polymers for which deep color tones are specified.

 

 

Antimony Oxide as a Primary Flame Retardant

Antimony oxide behaves as a condensed-phase flame retardant in cellulosic materials. It can be applied by impregnating a fabric with a soluble antimony salt followed by a second treatment that precipitates antimony oxide in the fibers. When the treated fabric is exposed to a flame, the oxide reacts with the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose (qv) causing them to decompose endothermically. The decomposition products, water and char, cool the flame reactions while slowing the production and volatilization of flammable decomposition products.

 

Antimony Pentoxide

The second most widely used antimony synergist is antimony pentoxide [1313-60-9], Sb2O5, produced by the oxidation of the trioxide using either a peroxide or nitric acid. Antimony pentoxide is available as a nonpigmenting colloidal suspension in either water or organic media or as an agglomerated powder. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in hot concentrated acids. Properties of this unique flame retardant synergist are listed in Table.

 

Properties of Antimony Pentoxide and Sodium Antimonate

Property Sb2O5 Na3SbO4

particle size, µm 0.03 1–2

surface area, m2/gm 50

specific gravity 4.0 4.8

surface activity weakly acidic basic

refractive index, n20D 1.7 1.75

Submicrometer antimony pentoxide is primarily used to impart flame retardancy to fibers and fabrics. It can be added to the molten or dissolved polymer prior to forming the fiber. The antimony in this form can easily pass through the spinnerets without clogging the openings, whereas standard grades of antimony trioxide would rapidly clog the openings and necessitate frequent shutdowns for cleaning. The submicrometer antimony pentoxide is also more evenly dispersed in the fiber, resulting in better physical properties.

 

Powdered antimony pentoxide is used primarily in plastics. Stabilizers used to prevent the particles from growing are caustic, and can react with the halogen in the formulation. This can result in color formation and a lower flame-retarding efficiency of the system.

 

Antimony pentoxide is priced about two to three times higher than the trioxide. However, because it is more efficient than the trioxide, the pentoxide is at least cost-equivalent

 

Antimony trioxide

Diantimony trioxide

 

Translated names

antimon-trioxid (hu)

antimona trioksīds (lv)

Antimonitrioksidi (fi)

antimonov trioksid (hr)

antimontrioksid (no)

Antimontrioksiid (et)

antimontrioxid (da)

diantimonov trioksid (sl)

diantimontrioksid (no)

diantimontrioxid (da)

diantimoontrioxide (nl)

oxid antimonitý (cs)

stibio trioksidas (lt)

tlenek antymonawy (pl)

tlenek antymonu(III) (pl)

triossido di diantimonio (it)

trioxide de antimoniu (ro)

trioxyde d'antimoine (fr)

tritlenek antymonu (pl)

trióxido de diantimonio (es)

trióxido de diantimónio (pt)

τριοξείδιο του διαντιμόνιου τριοξείδιο του aντιμονίου (el)

антимонов триоксид (bg)

CAS names

Antimony oxide (Sb2O3)

IUPAC names

(stibanyloxy)stibanediol

anitimony troxide

antimoniy trioxide

Registration dossier

Antimony

Registration dossier

Antimony (III) oxide

Antimony oxide

Antimony Trioxite

antimony trisuphide

C&L Inventory

antimony(3+) oxide

Antimony(III) oxide

diamtimony trioxide

diantimony trioxid

Diantimony trioxide_049

Diantimony trioxide_068

diantimony-trioxide-

Dioxodistiboxane

oxo(oxostibanyloxy)stibane

Oxo(oxostibanyloxy)stibane / antimony(3+); oxygen(2-)

oxostibanyl stibinate

Sb2O3

Trade names

Antimonio triossido

Antimony Trioxide TMS®-HP

ATO

Dust-free antimony trioxide

flame retardant masterbatch

Timonox® Blue Star

ANTIMONY III OXIDE

CAS NUMARASI: 1309-64-4

Antimon (III) oksit; Antimon sesquioxide; antimon seskoksit; Antimonous oksit; Antimon Çiçekler; Sb2O3; Antimon (III) oksit; 1309-64-4; Dioxodistiboxane; Antimonous oksit; Okso-oxostibanyloxystibane; Okso (oxostibanyloxy) stibane; O3Sb2; Antimon (III) oksit; 1309-64-4; dioxodistiboxane; Antimonous oksit; okso-oxostibanyloxystibane; okso (oxostibanyloxy) stibane; antimon trioksid; antimon trioksit; antimon tri oksit; antimontrioksit; antimon 3 oksit; oxo(oxostibanyloxy)stibane; Antimony(III) oxide; dioxodistiboxane; Antimonous oxide; oxo-oxostibanyloxystibane; oxo (oxostibanyloxy)stibane; ANTİMON TRİOKSİT; antimon tri oksit; antimon III oksit; antimon, tri, oksit; antimontri; oksit; antimon, trioksit; antimon seskoit; antimonous oxide.

 Antimon (III) oksit, Sb203 formülüne sahip inorganik bileşiktir. Antimonun en önemli ticari bileşimi. Doğada mineraller valentinite ve senarmontite olarak bulunur. Çoğu polimerik oksit gibi Sb203 de sulu solüsyonlarda hidroliz ile çözünür.

Kullanım Alanları
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde ve Avrupa'da yıllık antimon (III) oksit tüketimi sırasıyla yaklaşık 10.000 ve 25.000 ton. Ana uygulama, halojenli malzemelerle birlikte alev geciktirici sinerjist olarak kullanılır. Halojenürlerin ve antimonun kombinasyonu polimerler için alev geciktirici aksiyonun anahtarıdır ve daha az yanıcı karakter oluşturmaya yardımcı olur. Bu gibi alev geciktiriciler, elektrikli cihazlar, tekstil, deri ve kaplamalarda bulunur.

Diğer uygulamalar:

Antimon (III) oksit, camlar, seramikler ve emayeler için opaklaştırıcı bir ajandır.
Bazı özel pigmentler antimon içerir.
Antimon (III) oksit, polietilen tereftalat (PET plastik) üretiminde ve kauçuğun vulkanizasyonunda yararlı bir katalizördür.

ATO evlerimizde ve ofislerimiz içerisinde birçok cihazda kullanılır; TV'ler, bilgisayarlar, ev aletleri, endüstriyel elektrik tesisatları, optik kablolar, şebeke adaptörleri ve taşınabilir elektronik cihazlar ile ateşe dayanıklı plastik kasalar, reçine devre kartları, anahtarlar ve bileşenler. Döşemeli mobilya, yalıtım ve dekoratif köpükler ile inşaat malzemeleri içine dahil edilmiş olup, yangın riski bulunan giysilerde, örneğin çocuk giyim eşyası ve hastane çarşafları ile mesleki kullanımlar için teknik ateşe dayanıklı tekstillerde kullanılır. Nakliye araçlarında koltuklarda, kablolarda ve plastik yapılarda alev geciktirici olarak rolü, yangın çıkması durumunda daha fazla kaçış zamanı sağlar. Binlerce can kurtarılmış ve alev geciktirici sinerjist olarak antimon trioksit kullanımı ile on binlerce rahatsız edici yanık yaralanması önlenmiştir.
 
ATO ayrıca çok çeşitli endüstriyel uygulamalarda da kullanılır:
Poliester (PET) üretiminde bir katalizör olarak.
Bazı camlarda açıklayıcı bir yardımcı olarak, yarı iletkenlerde katkı,
Bazı dereceli titanyum dioksit pigmentlerinde kullanılan bir kaplama olarak,
Kompleks inorganik renkli rutil pigmentlerin imalatında bir bileşen olarak
Dökme demir banyosu ve batırma emayesinde bir matlaştırıcı olarak.

Görünüm: Beyaz kristal kokusuz toz.
Antimon (III) oksit, formülü Sb2O3 olan inorganik bir bileşiktir. En önemli ticari bileşiklerden biridir. Bu mineraller valentinite ve senarmontite olarak doğada bulunabilir. Polimer oksitler gibi, Sb2O3 hidrolizle, sulu çözeltiler içinde çözünür.
Ham antimon (III) oksit yeniden uçucu hale gelerek ve antimon metal oksitleme ile üretilir. Saf malzeme elde edilen ham antimon (III) oksit ya da metal, antimon üretimi için çeşitli işlemler gerekir. işlem seçimi cevheri ve diğer faktörlere bileşimine bağlıdır. Tipik adımlar kırma ve cevheri öğütme, bazen köpük yüzdürme ve pirometalurjik süreçleri (eritme veya kavurma) kullanarak metal ayrılması takip veya hidrometalurjik süreçlerle Bazı durumlarda (cevher değerli metaller açısından zengin) içinde, zengin madencilik özellikleri içerir.
Antimon trioksit temel olarak plastik, boya, yapıştırıcı,kauçuk ve tekstil arka kaplamalarında alev geciktirici sinerjist olarak kullanılmaktadır.Belli türleri ayrıca PET katalisti, pigment veya camlarda köpürme engelleyici olarak kullanılabilir.

KULLANIMI
Ana uygulama halojenlenmiş malzemeler ile kombinasyon halinde bir alev geciktirici sinerjist gibidir. Yardımcı halojenürler ve polimerler için alev geciktirici harekete antimon, anahtar kombinasyonu, daha az yanıcı karakterleri oluşturmak üzere oluşur. Bu tür alev geciktiriciler elektriksel cihaz, tekstil, deri ve kaplamalarda bulunmaktadır.
Diğer uygulamalar:
-Antimony (III) oksit camlar, seramik ve emaye için bir saydamsızlaştırıcı ajan olarak kullanılır.
-Bazı Özel pigmentler antimon içerir.
-Antimony (III) oksit, polietilen tereftalat (PET plastik) ve lastik vulkanizasyonu üretiminde yararlı bir katalizördür.

Antimony(III) oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Sb2O3. It is the most important commercial compound of antimony. It is found in nature as the minerals valentinite and senarmontite. Like most polymeric oxides, Sb2O3 dissolves in aqueous solutions with hydrolysis.

Uses
The annual consumption of antimony(III) oxide in the United States and Europe is approximately 10,000 and 25,000 tonnes, respectively. The main application is as flame retardant synergist in combination with halogenated materials. The combination of the halides and the antimony is key to the flame-retardant action for polymers, helping to form less flammable chars. Such flame retardants are found in electrical apparatuses, textiles, leather, and coatings.

Other applications:

Antimony(III) oxide is an opacifying agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels.
Some specialty pigments contain antimony.
Antimony(III) oxide is a useful catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET plastic) and the vulcanization of rubber.

ATO is used in many appliances within our homes and offices; TVs, computers, household appliances, industrial electrical installations, optical cables, mains adapters and portable electronics and in fire safe plastic casings, resin circuit boards, switches and components. It is incorporated into upholstered furniture, insulation and decorative foams and building materials, and is used in clothing where fire is a risk, for example, children's nightwear and hospital linen as well as in technical fire-resistant textiles for professional uses. In transport vehicles its role as a flame retardant in seats, cables and plastic structures facilitates more time to escape should a fire occur. Thousands of lives have been saved and tens of thousands of disfiguring burn injuries have been avoided by the use of antimony trioxide as a flame retardant synergist.

ATO is also used in a wide variety of other industrial applications:
As a catalyst in the manufacture of polyester (PET).
As a clarifying aid in certain glasses, additive in semi-conductors,
As a coating used on certain grades of titanium dioxide pigments,
As a component in the manufacturing of complex inorganic coloured rutile pigments
As an opacifier in cast iron bath and sinking enameling.

Appearance: White crystal odorless powder.
The antimony (III) oxide is an inorganic compound having the formula Sb2O3. It is one of the most important commercial compounds. These minerals can be found in nature as valentinite and synapticite. Like polymer oxides, Sb2O3 is hydrolyzed, soluble in aqueous solutions.
Crude antimony (III) oxide is produced by re-volatilization and antimony metal oxidation. The crude antimony (III) oxide or metal from which the pure material is obtained requires various processes for producing antimony. The choice of process depends on the composition of the ore and other factors. Typical steps include rich mining properties, in some cases (rich in ore-rich metals), by crushing and ore grinding, sometimes by foam floatation and metal separation using pyrometallurgical processes (melting or roasting) or by hydrometallurgical processes.
Antimony trioxide is mainly used as a flame retardant synergist in plastic, paint, adhesive, rubber and textile backings. Some types can also be used as antifoaming agents in PET catalyst, pigment or glass.

USE OF
The main application is like a flame retardant synergist in combination with halogenated materials. Auxiliary halides and flame retardant action antimony for polymers, key combination, to form less combustible characters. Such flame retardants are found in electrical devices, textiles, leather and coatings.
Other applications:
-Antimony (III) oxide is used as a decompensating agent for glasses, ceramics and enamels.
-Some special pigments contain antimony.
-Antimony (III) oxide is a useful catalyst in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET plastic) and rubber vulcanization.

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