Synonyms:
Isocetyl palmitate; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; UNII-355356620Z; 127770-27-8; 355356620Z; SCHEMBL5873231; DTXSID2074584; ZINC100096069; Q27256425; 127770-27-8 [RN]; 14-Methylpentadecyl palmitate [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-Methylpentadecylpalmitat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Hexadecanoic acid, 14-methylpentadecyl ester [ACD/Index Name]; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; Palmitate de 14-méthylpentadécyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-METHYLPENTADECYL HEXADECANOATE; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; İzosetil palmitat; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; İSOCETİL PALMİTAT; ISOCETIL PALMITATE; isosetil palmitat; ızosetıl palmıtate; IZOSETIL PALMITAT; Isocetyl palmitate; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; UNII-355356620Z; 127770-27-8; 355356620Z; SCHEMBL5873231; DTXSID2074584; ZINC100096069; Q27256425; 127770-27-8 [RN]; 14-Methylpentadecyl palmitate [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-Methylpentadecylpalmitat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Hexadecanoic acid, 14-methylpentadecyl ester [ACD/Index Name]; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; Palmitate de 14-méthylpentadécyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-METHYLPENTADECYL HEXADECANOATE; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; İzosetil palmitat; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; İSOCETİL PALMİTAT; ISOCETIL PALMITATE; isosetil palmitat; ızosetıl palmıtate; IZOSETIL PALMITAT; Isocetyl palmitate; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; UNII-355356620Z; 127770-27-8; 355356620Z; SCHEMBL5873231; DTXSID2074584; ZINC100096069; Q27256425; 127770-27-8 [RN]; 14-Methylpentadecyl palmitate [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-Methylpentadecylpalmitat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Hexadecanoic acid, 14-methylpentadecyl ester [ACD/Index Name]; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; Palmitate de 14-méthylpentadécyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-METHYLPENTADECYL HEXADECANOATE; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; İzosetil palmitat; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; İSOCETİL PALMİTAT; ISOCETIL PALMITATE; isosetil palmitat; ızosetıl palmıtate; IZOSETIL PALMITAT; Isocetyl palmitate; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; UNII-355356620Z; 127770-27-8; 355356620Z; SCHEMBL5873231; DTXSID2074584; ZINC100096069; Q27256425; 127770-27-8 [RN]; 14-Methylpentadecyl palmitate [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-Methylpentadecylpalmitat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Hexadecanoic acid, 14-methylpentadecyl ester [ACD/Index Name]; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; Palmitate de 14-méthylpentadécyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-METHYLPENTADECYL HEXADECANOATE; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; İzosetil palmitat; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; İSOCETİL PALMİTAT; ISOCETIL PALMITATE; isosetil palmitat; ızosetıl palmıtate; IZOSETIL PALMITAT; Isocetyl palmitate; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; UNII-355356620Z; 127770-27-8; 355356620Z; SCHEMBL5873231; DTXSID2074584; ZINC100096069; Q27256425; 127770-27-8 [RN]; 14-Methylpentadecyl palmitate [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-Methylpentadecylpalmitat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Hexadecanoic acid, 14-methylpentadecyl ester [ACD/Index Name]; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; Palmitate de 14-méthylpentadécyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-METHYLPENTADECYL HEXADECANOATE; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; İzosetil palmitat; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; İSOCETİL PALMİTAT; ISOCETIL PALMITATE; isosetil palmitat; ızosetıl palmıtate; IZOSETIL PALMITAT; Isocetyl palmitate; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; UNII-355356620Z; 127770-27-8; 355356620Z; SCHEMBL5873231; DTXSID2074584; ZINC100096069; Q27256425; 127770-27-8 [RN]; 14-Methylpentadecyl palmitate [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-Methylpentadecylpalmitat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Hexadecanoic acid, 14-methylpentadecyl ester [ACD/Index Name]; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; Palmitate de 14-méthylpentadécyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-METHYLPENTADECYL HEXADECANOATE; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; İzosetil palmitat; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; İSOCETİL PALMİTAT; ISOCETIL PALMITATE; isosetil palmitat; ızosetıl palmıtate; IZOSETIL PALMITAT; Isocetyl palmitate; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; UNII-355356620Z; 127770-27-8; 355356620Z; SCHEMBL5873231; DTXSID2074584; ZINC100096069; Q27256425; 127770-27-8 [RN]; 14-Methylpentadecyl palmitate [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-Methylpentadecylpalmitat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Hexadecanoic acid, 14-methylpentadecyl ester [ACD/Index Name]; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; Palmitate de 14-méthylpentadécyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-METHYLPENTADECYL HEXADECANOATE; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; İzosetil palmitat; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; İSOCETİL PALMİTAT; ISOCETIL PALMITATE; isosetil palmitat; ızosetıl palmıtate; IZOSETIL PALMITAT; Isocetyl palmitate; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; UNII-355356620Z; 127770-27-8; 355356620Z; SCHEMBL5873231; DTXSID2074584; ZINC100096069; Q27256425; 127770-27-8 [RN]; 14-Methylpentadecyl palmitate [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-Methylpentadecylpalmitat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Hexadecanoic acid, 14-methylpentadecyl ester [ACD/Index Name]; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; Palmitate de 14-méthylpentadécyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-METHYLPENTADECYL HEXADECANOATE; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; İzosetil palmitat; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; İSOCETİL PALMİTAT; ISOCETIL PALMITATE; isosetil palmitat; ızosetıl palmıtate; IZOSETIL PALMITAT; Isocetyl palmitate; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; UNII-355356620Z; 127770-27-8; 355356620Z; SCHEMBL5873231; DTXSID2074584; ZINC100096069; Q27256425; 127770-27-8 [RN]; 14-Methylpentadecyl palmitate [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-Methylpentadecylpalmitat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Hexadecanoic acid, 14-methylpentadecyl ester [ACD/Index Name]; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; Palmitate de 14-méthylpentadécyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-METHYLPENTADECYL HEXADECANOATE; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; İzosetil palmitat; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; İSOCETİL PALMİTAT; ISOCETIL PALMITATE; isosetil palmitat; ızosetıl palmıtate; IZOSETIL PALMITAT; Isocetyl palmitate; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; UNII-355356620Z; 127770-27-8; 355356620Z; SCHEMBL5873231; DTXSID2074584; ZINC100096069; Q27256425; 127770-27-8 [RN]; 14-Methylpentadecyl palmitate [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-Methylpentadecylpalmitat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Hexadecanoic acid, 14-methylpentadecyl ester [ACD/Index Name]; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; Palmitate de 14-méthylpentadécyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-METHYLPENTADECYL HEXADECANOATE; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; İzosetil palmitat; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; İSOCETİL PALMİTAT; ISOCETIL PALMITATE; isosetil palmitat; ızosetıl palmıtate; IZOSETIL PALMITAT; Isocetyl palmitate; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; UNII-355356620Z; 127770-27-8; 355356620Z; SCHEMBL5873231; DTXSID2074584; ZINC100096069; Q27256425; 127770-27-8 [RN]; 14-Methylpentadecyl palmitate [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-Methylpentadecylpalmitat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Hexadecanoic acid, 14-methylpentadecyl ester [ACD/Index Name]; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; Palmitate de 14-méthylpentadécyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-METHYLPENTADECYL HEXADECANOATE; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; İzosetil palmitat; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; İSOCETİL PALMİTAT; ISOCETIL PALMITATE; isosetil palmitat; ızosetıl palmıtate; IZOSETIL PALMITAT; Isocetyl palmitate; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; UNII-355356620Z; 127770-27-8; 355356620Z; SCHEMBL5873231; DTXSID2074584; ZINC100096069; Q27256425; 127770-27-8 [RN]; 14-Methylpentadecyl palmitate [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-Methylpentadecylpalmitat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; Hexadecanoic acid, 14-methylpentadecyl ester [ACD/Index Name]; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; Palmitate de 14-méthylpentadécyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]; 14-METHYLPENTADECYL HEXADECANOATE; Hexadecanoic acid, isohexadecyl ester; İzosetil palmitat; ISOCETYL PALMITATE; İSOCETİL PALMİTAT; ISOCETIL PALMITATE; isosetil palmitat; ızosetıl palmıtate; IZOSETIL PALMITAT;
TR
ISOCETYL PALMITATE Properties Palmitic acid, or ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) in IUPAC nomenclature, is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms.[9][10] Its chemical formula is CH3(CH2)14COOH, and its C:D is 16:0. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil). Palmitic acid can also be found in meats, cheeses, butter, and other dairy products. Palmitates are the salts and esters of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat). The palmitate anion is the observed form of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) at physiologic pH (7.4).Aluminium salts of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) and naphthenic acid were combined during World War II to produce napalm. The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat).Palmitic acid was discovered by Edmond Frémy in 1840, in saponified palm oil.[11] This remains the primary industrial route for its production, with the triglycerides (fats) in palm oil being hydrolysed by high temperature water (above 200 °C or 390 °F), and the resulting mixture fractionally distilled to give the pure product.[12]Palmitic acid is naturally produced by a wide range of other plants and organisms, typically at low levels. It is naturally present in butter, cheese, milk, and meat, as well as cocoa butter, soybean oil, and sunflower oil. Karukas contain 44.90% ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat).[13] The cetyl ester of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) (cetyl palmitate) occurs in spermaceti.Excess carbohydrates in the body are converted to ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat). Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids. As a consequence, ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) is a major body component of animals. In humans, one analysis found it to make up 21-30% (molar) of human depot fat,[14] and it is a major, but highly variable, lipid component of human breast milk.[15] Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which in turn is used to add to the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation.[16] In biology, some proteins are modified by the addition of a palmitoyl group in a process known as palmitoylation. Palmitoylation is important for membrane localisation of many proteins.Palmitic acid is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mold release agents. These applications use sodium palmitate, which is commonly obtained by saponification of palm oil. To this end, palm oil, rendered from palm tree (species Elaeis guineensis), is treated with sodium hydroxide (in the form of caustic soda or lye), which causes hydrolysis of the ester groups, yielding glycerol and sodium palmitate.Because it is inexpensive and adds texture and "mouth feel" to processed foods (convenience food), ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) and its sodium salt find wide use in foodstuffs. Sodium palmitate is permitted as a natural additive in organic products.[17] The aluminium salt is used as a thickening agent of napalm used in military actions.Hydrogenation of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) yields cetyl alcohol, which is used to produce detergents and cosmetics.Recently, a long-acting antipsychotic medication, paliperidone palmitate (marketed as INVEGA Sustenna), used in the treatment of schizophrenia, has been synthesized using the oily palmitate ester as a long-acting release carrier medium when injected intramuscularly. The underlying method of drug delivery is similar to that used with decanoic acid to deliver long-acting depot medication, in particular, neuroleptics such as haloperidol decanoate.According to the World Health Organization, evidence is "convincing" that consumption of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease,[18] based on studies indicating that it may increase LDL levels in the blood. Retinyl palmitate is a source of vitamin A added to low-fat milk to replace the vitamin content lost through the removal of milk fat. Palmitate is attached to the alcohol form of vitamin A, retinol, to make vitamin A stable in milk.Treatment of commercially available 2-(decyl)dodecanoic acid or 2-(tetradecyl)ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) (37) in methanol in the presence of concd sulfuric acid gave the methyl ester 38 in a quantitative yield. In the essentially same way, 3-(nonyl)dodecanoic acid or 3-(tridecyl)ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) (40) gave the corresponding methyl esters 41 in almost quantitative yields. Reduction of the methyl esters with LiAlH4 in dry ether gave the corresponding alcohols 39 and 42 in good yields, respectively (Scheme 8).11The homologous series with n = 5 and m = 7 includes cis-9,10-methylene-hexadecanoic acid, and the homologous series with n = 5 and m = 9 includes lactobacillic acid (cis-11,12-methylene-octadecanoic acid). The homologous series with n = 7 and m = 6 includes dihydromalvalic acid (systematic name: 2-octyl-cyclopropaneheptanoic acid), and the homologous series with n = 7 and m = 7 includes dihydrosterculic acid (systematic name: cis-9,10-methylene-octadecanoic acid), see Fig. 6.Experimental Hf data (Table A3) in the range of n-heptanoic acid (nC= 7) and ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) (nC= 16) were used as the training set for deriving a QPPR of the form of Eq. 3 for the n-alkanoic acid series. The uncertainty level for the data ranges between <0.2% to <3%. The resultant parameter values obtained: B0= (3.461 ± 0.076) × 107 and B1= 1.005525 ± 0.026 with a correlation coefficient R2= 0.998967 and a randomly distributed residual plot (Fig. A3). As in the case of the n-mercaptans, the value of B1 is essentially 1.Essential oils are principal components of the leaves of fenugreek with main compounds as (2E)-hexenal (26.61%), ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) (10.14%) and (E)-β-ionone (7.99%) among others (Riasat et al., 2017). These fragrant molecules are however not the major constituent of the seeds and are not herein addressed as the pharmacologically relevant constituents. In one particular analysis study by Shahinuzzaman et al. (2015), the essential oil constituents of fenugreek seeds were shown to contain fatty acids as major components: decane, 5,6-bis(2,2-dimethylpropylidene)-, (E,Z)- (19.58%), ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat), methyl ester (18.81%) and dihydro methyl jasmonate (10.99%) (Table 17.1). Hence fatty acids and derivatives are the major essential oil components of fenugreek seeds.The content of essential oils of Centaurea species are characterized by the presence of sesquiterpenes skeleton (caryophyllene, eudesmol and germacrene); hydracarbons (tricosane, pentacosane and heptacosane); fatty acids (ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat), tetradecanoic acid, and dodecanoic acid) and monoterpenes (aspinene, terpinene and carvacrol) [72-74].Common names of fatty acids are more often used than the IUPAC names (Table 31.1). The most common saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic acids, contain 16 and 18 carbon atoms, respectively. Their IUPAC names are ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) and octadecanoic acid, respectively.The aromatics and their derivatives such as benzene, methylbenzene, and phenol, fatty acids such as a ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat), nitrogen-containing compounds such as amines and amides, and other group alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones were oxygen-containing compounds.DL in ethanol-water cosolvent (EWCS) were more dispersive, and their relative content were lower than 10%, except for ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) ethyl ester with its relative content of 15.06%. Typically, the content of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) produced in HTL reached 17.27% but decreased to 9.79% in EWCS and 3.21% in pure ethanol, while the ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) ethyl ester content increased from 0% in HTL to 15.06% in EWCS, and then up to 38.4% in pure ethanol. Furthermore, the other ethyl esters such as 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, ethyl ester, (all-Z)- and ethyl linoleate were also higher in bio-oil from EWCS and pure ethanol. This indicated that the addition of ethanol into liquefaction system could serve as a substrate, reacting with acidic components like ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) and obtaining corresponding esters like ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) ethyl ester, which is known as etherification. Biswas et al. [41] observed from GS-MS of Sargassum tenerrimum algae-derived bio-oil using water as a solvent for HTL at 280°C (STW280) were 3-pyridiol, p-hydroxybiphenyl, ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, stigmastan-3,5-diene, and hexadecanamide. For C2H5OH as the solvent (ST-E280) the main compounds were ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat)-ethyl ester, ethyl oleate, tetradecanoic acid-ethyl ester, and isosorbide. Hexadecanoic acid-methyl ester, methyl tetradecanoate, 8-octadecenoic acid methyl ester, and methyl hexadec-9-enoate were the compounds found in major concentrations in bio-oil obtained.This compound, composed of cyclic phosphate and cyclopropane-containing ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat), inhibited more than 80% of the affinity-purified calf thymus DNA polymerase α activity at a concentration of 10 μg/mL.Preparation of one diastereomer of cyclopropane-containing ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) (81) was summarized in Scheme 7, starting with enzymatic hydrolysis of meso diester (74).Palmitic Acid Palmitic acid (also known as ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat)) is a fatty acid that is found naturally in animals and plants and also can be created in laboratory settings. Palmitic acid is widely used in a variety of applications, including personal care products and cosmetics.Palmitic acid (ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat)) has been for long time negatively depicted for its putative detrimental health effects, shadowing its multiple crucial physiological activities. ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) is the most common saturated fatty acid accounting for 20-30% of total fatty acids in the human body and can be provided in the diet or synthesized endogenously via de novo lipogenesis (DNL). ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) tissue content seems to be controlled around a well-defined concentration, and changes in its intake do not influence significantly its tissue concentration because the exogenous source is counterbalanced by ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) endogenous biosynthesis. Particular physiopathological conditions and nutritional factors may strongly induce DNL, resulting in increased tissue content of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) and disrupted homeostatic control of its tissue concentration. The tight homeostatic control of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) tissue concentration is likely related to its fundamental physiological role to guarantee membrane physical properties but also to consent protein palmitoylation, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) biosynthesis, and in the lung an efficient surfactant activity. In order to maintain membrane phospholipids (PL) balance may be crucial an optimal intake of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) in a certain ratio with unsaturated fatty acids, especially PUFAs of both n-6 and n-3 families. However, in presence of other factors such as positive energy balance, excessive intake of carbohydrates (in particular mono and disaccharides), and a sedentary lifestyle, the mechanisms to maintain a steady state of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) concentration may be disrupted leading to an over accumulation of tissue ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) resulting in dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, increased ectopic fat accumulation and increased inflammatory tone via toll-like receptor 4. It is therefore likely that the controversial data on the association of dietary ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) with detrimental health effects, may be related to an excessive imbalance of dietary ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat)/PUFA ratio which, in certain physiopathological conditions, and in presence of an enhanced DNL, may further accelerate these deleterious effects.Palmitic acid (16:0, ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat)) is the most common saturated fatty acid found in the human body and can be provided in the diet or synthesized endogenously from other fatty acids, carbohydrates and amino acids.n average, a 70-kg man is made up of 3.5 Kg of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat). As the name suggests, ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) is a major component of palm oil (44% of total fats), but significant amounts of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) can also be found in meat and dairy products (50-60% of total fats), as well as cocoa butter (26%) and olive oil (8-20%). Furthermore, ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) is present in breast milk with 20-30% of total fats.The tight homeostatic control of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) tissue concentration is likely related to its fundamental physiological role in several biological functions. Particularly in infants ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) seems to play a crucial role as recently thoroughly revised by Innis (Innis, 2016). The disruption of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) homeostatic balance, implicated in different physiopathological conditions such as atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, is often related to an uncontrolled ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) endogenous biosynthesis, irrespective of its dietary contribution.FA synthesis starts with citrate conversion to acetyl-CoA and then malonyl-CoA, which is then elongated to form palmitate and other FA. Key enzymes in this process are acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which catalyzes the DNL limiting step reaction, and the FA synthase (FAS). The main sources of citrate for DNL are glucose and glutamine-derived α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), especially under hypoxia or disruption of the mitochondrial oxidative machinery.Palmitic acid, or ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat), is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals, plants, and microorganisms.Palmitic acid is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mould release agents.Palmitic acid is also used in the determination of water hardness and is a surfactant of Levovist, an intravenous ultrasonic contrast agent.Palmitic acid, or ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) in IUPAC nomenclature, is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms.[9][10] Its chemical formula is CH3(CH2)14COOH, and its C:D is 16:0. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil). Palmitic acid can also be found in meats, cheeses, butter, and other dairy products. Palmitates are the salts and esters of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat). The palmitate anion is the observed form of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) at physiologic pH (7.4).Aluminium salts of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) and naphthenic acid were combined during World War II to produce napalm. The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat).Palmitic acid was discovered by Edmond Frémy in 1840, in saponified palm oil.[11] This remains the primary industrial route for its production, with the triglycerides (fats) in palm oil being hydrolysed by high temperature water (above 200 °C or 390 °F), and the resulting mixture fractionally distilled to give the pure product.[12]Palmitic acid is naturally produced by a wide range of other plants and organisms, typically at low levels. It is naturally present in butter, cheese, milk, and meat, as well as cocoa butter, soybean oil, and sunflower oil. Karukas contain 44.90% ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat).[13] The cetyl ester of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) (cetyl palmitate) occurs in spermaceti.ISOCETYL PALMITATE Properties Palmitic acid, or ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) in IUPAC nomenclature, is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms.[9][10] Its chemical formula is CH3(CH2)14COOH, and its C:D is 16:0. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil). Palmitic acid can also be found in meats, cheeses, butter, and other dairy products. Palmitates are the salts and esters of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat). The palmitate anion is the observed form of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) at physiologic pH (7.4).Aluminium salts of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) and naphthenic acid were combined during World War II to produce napalm. The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat).Palmitic acid was discovered by Edmond Frémy in 1840, in saponified palm oil.[11] This remains the primary industrial route for its production, with the triglycerides (fats) in palm oil being hydrolysed by high temperature water (above 200 °C or 390 °F), and the resulting mixture fractionally distilled to give the pure product.[12]Palmitic acid is naturally produced by a wide range of other plants and organisms, typically at low levels. It is naturally present in butter, cheese, milk, and meat, as well as cocoa butter, soybean oil, and sunflower oil. Karukas contain 44.90% ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat).[13] The cetyl ester of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) (cetyl palmitate) occurs in spermaceti.Excess carbohydrates in the body are converted to ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat). Palmitic acid is the first fatty acid produced during fatty acid synthesis and is the precursor to longer fatty acids. As a consequence, ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) is a major body component of animals. In humans, one analysis found it to make up 21-30% (molar) of human depot fat,[14] and it is a major, but highly variable, lipid component of human breast milk.[15] Palmitate negatively feeds back on acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which is responsible for converting acetyl-CoA to malonyl-CoA, which in turn is used to add to the growing acyl chain, thus preventing further palmitate generation.[16] In biology, some proteins are modified by the addition of a palmitoyl group in a process known as palmitoylation. Palmitoylation is important for membrane localisation of many proteins.Palmitic acid is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mold release agents. These applications use sodium palmitate, which is commonly obtained by saponification of palm oil. To this end, palm oil, rendered from palm tree (species Elaeis guineensis), is treated with sodium hydroxide (in the form of caustic soda or lye), which causes hydrolysis of the ester groups, yielding glycerol and sodium palmitate.Because it is inexpensive and adds texture and "mouth feel" to processed foods (convenience food), ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) and its sodium salt find wide use in foodstuffs. Sodium palmitate is permitted as a natural additive in organic products.[17] The aluminium salt is used as a thickening agent of napalm used in military actions.Hydrogenation of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) yields cetyl alcohol, which is used to produce detergents and cosmetics.Recently, a long-acting antipsychotic medication, paliperidone palmitate (marketed as INVEGA Sustenna), used in the treatment of schizophrenia, has been synthesized using the oily palmitate ester as a long-acting release carrier medium when injected intramuscularly. The underlying method of drug delivery is similar to that used with decanoic acid to deliver long-acting depot medication, in particular, neuroleptics such as haloperidol decanoate.According to the World Health Organization, evidence is "convincing" that consumption of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease,[18] based on studies indicating that it may increase LDL levels in the blood. Retinyl palmitate is a source of vitamin A added to low-fat milk to replace the vitamin content lost through the removal of milk fat. Palmitate is attached to the alcohol form of vitamin A, retinol, to make vitamin A stable in milk.Treatment of commercially available 2-(decyl)dodecanoic acid or 2-(tetradecyl)ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) (37) in methanol in the presence of concd sulfuric acid gave the methyl ester 38 in a quantitative yield. In the essentially same way, 3-(nonyl)dodecanoic acid or 3-(tridecyl)ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) (40) gave the corresponding methyl esters 41 in almost quantitative yields. Reduction of the methyl esters with LiAlH4 in dry ether gave the corresponding alcohols 39 and 42 in good yields, respectively (Scheme 8).11The homologous series with n = 5 and m = 7 includes cis-9,10-methylene-hexadecanoic acid, and the homologous series with n = 5 and m = 9 includes lactobacillic acid (cis-11,12-methylene-octadecanoic acid). The homologous series with n = 7 and m = 6 includes dihydromalvalic acid (systematic name: 2-octyl-cyclopropaneheptanoic acid), and the homologous series with n = 7 and m = 7 includes dihydrosterculic acid (systematic name: cis-9,10-methylene-octadecanoic acid), see Fig. 6.Experimental Hf data (Table A3) in the range of n-heptanoic acid (nC= 7) and ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) (nC= 16) were used as the training set for deriving a QPPR of the form of Eq. 3 for the n-alkanoic acid series. The uncertainty level for the data ranges between <0.2% to <3%. The resultant parameter values obtained: B0= (3.461 ± 0.076) × 107 and B1= 1.005525 ± 0.026 with a correlation coefficient R2= 0.998967 and a randomly distributed residual plot (Fig. A3). As in the case of the n-mercaptans, the value of B1 is essentially 1.Essential oils are principal components of the leaves of fenugreek with main compounds as (2E)-hexenal (26.61%), ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) (10.14%) and (E)-β-ionone (7.99%) among others (Riasat et al., 2017). These fragrant molecules are however not the major constituent of the seeds and are not herein addressed as the pharmacologically relevant constituents. In one particular analysis study by Shahinuzzaman et al. (2015), the essential oil constituents of fenugreek seeds were shown to contain fatty acids as major components: decane, 5,6-bis(2,2-dimethylpropylidene)-, (E,Z)- (19.58%), ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat), methyl ester (18.81%) and dihydro methyl jasmonate (10.99%) (Table 17.1). Hence fatty acids and derivatives are the major essential oil components of fenugreek seeds.The content of essential oils of Centaurea species are characterized by the presence of sesquiterpenes skeleton (caryophyllene, eudesmol and germacrene); hydracarbons (tricosane, pentacosane and heptacosane); fatty acids (ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat), tetradecanoic acid, and dodecanoic acid) and monoterpenes (aspinene, terpinene and carvacrol) [72-74].Common names of fatty acids are more often used than the IUPAC names (Table 31.1). The most common saturated fatty acids, palmitic and stearic acids, contain 16 and 18 carbon atoms, respectively. Their IUPAC names are ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) and octadecanoic acid, respectively.The aromatics and their derivatives such as benzene, methylbenzene, and phenol, fatty acids such as a ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat), nitrogen-containing compounds such as amines and amides, and other group alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones were oxygen-containing compounds.DL in ethanol-water cosolvent (EWCS) were more dispersive, and their relative content were lower than 10%, except for ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) ethyl ester with its relative content of 15.06%. Typically, the content of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) produced in HTL reached 17.27% but decreased to 9.79% in EWCS and 3.21% in pure ethanol, while the ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) ethyl ester content increased from 0% in HTL to 15.06% in EWCS, and then up to 38.4% in pure ethanol. Furthermore, the other ethyl esters such as 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, ethyl ester, (all-Z)- and ethyl linoleate were also higher in bio-oil from EWCS and pure ethanol. This indicated that the addition of ethanol into liquefaction system could serve as a substrate, reacting with acidic components like ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) and obtaining corresponding esters like ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) ethyl ester, which is known as etherification. Biswas et al. [41] observed from GS-MS of Sargassum tenerrimum algae-derived bio-oil using water as a solvent for HTL at 280°C (STW280) were 3-pyridiol, p-hydroxybiphenyl, ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, stigmastan-3,5-diene, and hexadecanamide. For C2H5OH as the solvent (ST-E280) the main compounds were ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat)-ethyl ester, ethyl oleate, tetradecanoic acid-ethyl ester, and isosorbide. Hexadecanoic acid-methyl ester, methyl tetradecanoate, 8-octadecenoic acid methyl ester, and methyl hexadec-9-enoate were the compounds found in major concentrations in bio-oil obtained.This compound, composed of cyclic phosphate and cyclopropane-containing ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat), inhibited more than 80% of the affinity-purified calf thymus DNA polymerase α activity at a concentration of 10 μg/mL.Preparation of one diastereomer of cyclopropane-containing ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) (81) was summarized in Scheme 7, starting with enzymatic hydrolysis of meso diester (74).Palmitic Acid Palmitic acid (also known as ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat)) is a fatty acid that is found naturally in animals and plants and also can be created in laboratory settings. Palmitic acid is widely used in a variety of applications, including personal care products and cosmetics.Palmitic acid (ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat)) has been for long time negatively depicted for its putative detrimental health effects, shadowing its multiple crucial physiological activities. ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) is the most common saturated fatty acid accounting for 20-30% of total fatty acids in the human body and can be provided in the diet or synthesized endogenously via de novo lipogenesis (DNL). ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) tissue content seems to be controlled around a well-defined concentration, and changes in its intake do not influence significantly its tissue concentration because the exogenous source is counterbalanced by ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) endogenous biosynthesis. Particular physiopathological conditions and nutritional factors may strongly induce DNL, resulting in increased tissue content of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) and disrupted homeostatic control of its tissue concentration. The tight homeostatic control of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) tissue concentration is likely related to its fundamental physiological role to guarantee membrane physical properties but also to consent protein palmitoylation, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) biosynthesis, and in the lung an efficient surfactant activity. In order to maintain membrane phospholipids (PL) balance may be crucial an optimal intake of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) in a certain ratio with unsaturated fatty acids, especially PUFAs of both n-6 and n-3 families. However, in presence of other factors such as positive energy balance, excessive intake of carbohydrates (in particular mono and disaccharides), and a sedentary lifestyle, the mechanisms to maintain a steady state of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) concentration may be disrupted leading to an over accumulation of tissue ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) resulting in dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, increased ectopic fat accumulation and increased inflammatory tone via toll-like receptor 4. It is therefore likely that the controversial data on the association of dietary ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) with detrimental health effects, may be related to an excessive imbalance of dietary ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat)/PUFA ratio which, in certain physiopathological conditions, and in presence of an enhanced DNL, may further accelerate these deleterious effects.Palmitic acid (16:0, ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat)) is the most common saturated fatty acid found in the human body and can be provided in the diet or synthesized endogenously from other fatty acids, carbohydrates and amino acids.n average, a 70-kg man is made up of 3.5 Kg of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat). As the name suggests, ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) is a major component of palm oil (44% of total fats), but significant amounts of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) can also be found in meat and dairy products (50-60% of total fats), as well as cocoa butter (26%) and olive oil (8-20%). Furthermore, ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) is present in breast milk with 20-30% of total fats.The tight homeostatic control of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) tissue concentration is likely related to its fundamental physiological role in several biological functions. Particularly in infants ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) seems to play a crucial role as recently thoroughly revised by Innis (Innis, 2016). The disruption of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) homeostatic balance, implicated in different physiopathological conditions such as atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, is often related to an uncontrolled ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) endogenous biosynthesis, irrespective of its dietary contribution.FA synthesis starts with citrate conversion to acetyl-CoA and then malonyl-CoA, which is then elongated to form palmitate and other FA. Key enzymes in this process are acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), which catalyzes the DNL limiting step reaction, and the FA synthase (FAS). The main sources of citrate for DNL are glucose and glutamine-derived α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), especially under hypoxia or disruption of the mitochondrial oxidative machinery.Palmitic acid, or ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat), is one of the most common saturated fatty acids found in animals, plants, and microorganisms.Palmitic acid is used to produce soaps, cosmetics, and industrial mould release agents.Palmitic acid is also used in the determination of water hardness and is a surfactant of Levovist, an intravenous ultrasonic contrast agent.Palmitic acid, or ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) in IUPAC nomenclature, is the most common saturated fatty acid found in animals, plants and microorganisms.[9][10] Its chemical formula is CH3(CH2)14COOH, and its C:D is 16:0. As its name indicates, it is a major component of the oil from the fruit of oil palms (palm oil). Palmitic acid can also be found in meats, cheeses, butter, and other dairy products. Palmitates are the salts and esters of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat). The palmitate anion is the observed form of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) at physiologic pH (7.4).Aluminium salts of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) and naphthenic acid were combined during World War II to produce napalm. The word "napalm" is derived from the words naphthenic acid and ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat).Palmitic acid was discovered by Edmond Frémy in 1840, in saponified palm oil.[11] This remains the primary industrial route for its production, with the triglycerides (fats) in palm oil being hydrolysed by high temperature water (above 200 °C or 390 °F), and the resulting mixture fractionally distilled to give the pure product.[12]Palmitic acid is naturally produced by a wide range of other plants and organisms, typically at low levels. It is naturally present in butter, cheese, milk, and meat, as well as cocoa butter, soybean oil, and sunflower oil. Karukas contain 44.90% ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat).[13] The cetyl ester of ISOCETYL PALMITATE (İzosetil Palmitat) (cetyl palmitate) occurs in spermaceti.