TARTRAZİN (TARTRAZINE)

Structure:

Tartrazine_small.png Tartrazine_3D_Structure.png Find Similar Structures Chemical Safety: Irritant Health Hazard Laboratory Chemical Safety Summary (LCSS) Datasheet Molecular Formula: C16H9N4Na3O9S2 Synonyms: Tartrazine 1934-21-0 Yellow 5 Aizen tartrazine risodium salt More... Molecular Weight: 534.4 g/mol Dates: Modify: 2019-10-26 Create: 2005-06-24 Tartrazine is an organic sodium salt which is the trisodium salt of tartrazine acid. A synthetic lemon yellow azo dye used as a food colouring. It has a role as a histological dye and a food colouring. It contains a tartrazine(3-). from ChEBI C.i. pigment yellow 100 is a yellow to greenish-yellow powder. (NTP, 1992) from CAMEO Chemicals An anionic, hydrophilic azo dye with an orange-yellow color used in fabrics, foods and cosmetics, and as a biological stain. from MeSH 1Structures HelpNew Window 1.12D Structure HelpNew Window Find Similar Structures Get Image Download Chemical Structure Depiction Tartrazine.png Full screen Zoom in Zoom out from PubChem 1.23D Conformer HelpNew Window 3D Conformer of Parent Get Image Download Interactive Chemical Structure Model of Parent CID 62302 Ball and Stick Sticks Wire-Frame Space-Filling Show Hydrogens Animate Full screen Zoom in Zoom out from PubChem 2Names and Identifiers HelpNew Window 2.1Computed Descriptors HelpNew Window 2.1.1IUPAC Name HelpNew Window trisodium;5-oxo-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-[(4-sulfonatophenyl)diazenyl]-4H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate from PubChem 2.1.2InChI HelpNew Window InChI=1S/C16H12N4O9S2.3Na/c21-15-13(18-17-9-1-5-11(6-2-9)30(24,25)26)14(16(22)23)19-20(15)10-3-7-12(8-4-10)31(27,28)29;;;/h1-8,13H,(H,22,23)(H,24,25,26)(H,27,28,29);;;/q;3*+1/p-3 from PubChem 2.1.3InChI Key HelpNew Window UJMBCXLDXJUMFB-UHFFFAOYSA-K from PubChem 2.1.4Canonical SMILES HelpNew Window C1=CC(=CC=C1N=NC2C(=NN(C2=O)C3=CC=C(C=C3)S(=O)(=O)[O-])C(=O)[O-])S(=O)(=O)[O-].[Na+].[Na+].[Na+] from PubChem 2.2Molecular Formula HelpNew Window C16H9N4Na3O9S2 from EU Food Improvement Agents; PubChem Identifiers HelpNew Window 2.3.1CAS HelpNew Window 1934-21-0 from ChemIDplus; European Chemicals Agency (ECHA); HSDB Related CAS 34175-08-1 (parent) 74920-66-4 (barium salt) 84681-80-1 (barium salt (2:3)) from ChemIDplus 12225-21-7 from EPA Chemicals under the TSCA; European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) 2.3.1Other CAS HelpNew Window 117209-34-4, 12000-64-5, 1342-53-6, 134240-82-7, 139601-06-2, 154881-98-8, 183808-13-1, 191807-79-1, 50809-64-8, 642-62-6, 84842-94-4, 389057-90-3, 469888-21-9, 1342-47-8 from ChemIDplus 2.3.2European Community (EC) Number HelpNew Window Number 217-699-5 from EU Food Improvement Agents; European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) 235-428-9 from European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) 2.3.3Wikipedia HelpNew Window Tartrazine from Wikipedia 2.4Synonyms HelpNew Window 2.4.1MeSH Entry Terms HelpNew Window Barium, Tartrazine FD and C Yellow No. 5 Tartrazine Tartrazine Barium Tartrazine Barium (2:3) from MeSH 2.4.2Depositor-Supplied Synonyms HelpNew Window Tartrazine 1934-21-0 Yellow 5 Aizen tartrazine trisodium salt C.I. ACID YELLOW 23 Food Yellow 4 Tartrazine FD&C Yellow #5 Atul Tartrazine Tartrazine Kako Tartrazine Tartrazine Lake Tartrazine B Tartrazine C Tartrazine G Tartrazine M Tartrazine N Tartrazine O Tartrazine T CI 19140 HD Tartrazine Lake Yellow Sugai Tartrazine Tartrazine FQ Tartrazine NS Tartrazine XX Tartrazol Yellow A.F. Yellow No. 4 Tartrazine XXX Tartrazine MCGL Tartrazol BPC Amacid Yellow T Cilefa Yellow T Dye Yellow Lake Fenazo Yellow T Kayaku Tartrazine Mitsui Tartrazine Oxanal Yellow T Tartar Yellow N Tartar Yellow S Tartrazine Yellow Lemon Yellow A Acid Yellow T Bucacid tartrazine Dolkwal tartrazine Hexacol Tartrazine Acilan Yellow GG C.I. 19140 Egg Yellow A San-ei Tartrazine Tartar Yellow FS Tartar Yellow PF Airedale Yellow T Canacert tartrazine Food Yellow 5 Neklacid Yellow T Tartrine Yellow O Eurocert Tartrazine Hydroxine Yellow L Tartrazine C Extra Calcocid Yellow XX KCA Tartrazine PF Yellow Lake 69 Naphtocard Yellow O Tartrazine A Export HD Tartrazine Supra Calcocid Yellow MCG Tartrazine Yellow 5 Yellow No. 5 Tartrazine A expo T Tartrazine B.P.C. D&C Yellow 5 Lemon Yellow A Geigy Schultz No. 737 Maple Tartrazol Yellow Acid Leather Yellow T Unitertracid Yellow TE Yellow No. 5 FDC Curon Fast Yellow 5G FD And C Yellow 5 1310 Yellow 1409 Yellow Xylene Fast Yellow GT Hispacid Fast Yellow T Usacert Yellow No. 5 C.I. Food Yellow 4 Hexacert Yellow No. 5 CHEBI:9405 FD&G Yellow No. 5 Tartrazine Extra Pure A L Yellow Z 1020 1342-47-8 Tartrazine Lake Yellow N Edicol Supra Tartrazine N D and C Yellow No. 5 KCA Foodcol Tartrazine PF Certicol Tartrazol Yellow S Tartrazine O Specially Pure Tartrazine XX Specially Pure C.I. 640 C.I. Pigment Yellow 100 MFCD00148908 Dye FD and C Yellow No. 5 Tartrazine FD & C Yellow #5 E102 Kayaku Food Colour Yellow No. 4 Tartrazine, 89%, pure Food Yellow 4:1 12225-21-7 C.I. Acid Yellow 23, trisodium salt NSC4760 Zlut kysela 23 4,5-Dihydro-5-oxo-1-(4-sulfophenyl)-4-((4-sulfophenyl)azo)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid, trisodium salt Trisodium 5-oxo-1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-[(E)-(4-sulfonatophenyl)diazenyl]-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylate Zlut pigment 100 Zlut potravinarska 4 3-Carboxy-5-hydroxy-1-p-sulfophenyl-4-p-sulfophenylazopyrazole trisodium salt -Gelb 2 tri sodium salt Food yellow No.4 EaEthO>>AE 23 AC1L4VJG AC1Q1UOE Epitope ID:124945 Tartrazine, analytical standard Tartrazine (C.I. 19140) CTK4B9056 KS-00000YDJ UJMBCXLDXJUMFB-UHFFFAOYSA-K Tartrazine, p.a., 95-105% Tartrazine, Dye content >=85 % HY-D0257 C.I. 19140(Acid Yellow 23 Tartrazine, for microscopy (Hist.) AKOS015903034 AKOS016010270 CS-5364 4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1-(4-sulfophenyl)-4-[(4-sulfophenyl)azo]-1h-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid trisodium salt AN-22220 BP-31013 LS-162700FT-0621860 ST24031674 C07574 W-107716 C.I. Acid Yellow 23, trisodium salt (VAN) (8CI) I14-18503

PMID:602250 Honohan T et al; Xenobiotica 7 (12): 765-774 (1977) from HSDB The 4-sulphophenylhydrazine metabolite was also labeled with sulphur-35 and administered orally and intraperitoneally. Excretion of this metabolite differed with the route of administration (35 and 49 % in urine and feces, respectively, 48 hours following oral, and 90 and 5 % in urine and feces, respectively, 48 hours following intraperitoneal administration). Following oral administration, 69 % of urinary radioactivity excreted in 48 hours was sulphanilic acid and 21 % was 4-sulphophenylhydrazine, whereas following intraperitoneal administration, 9 % of urinary radioactivity excreted in 48 hours was sulphanilic acid and 73% was 4-sulphophenylhydrazine. These data suggest there is a marked conversion of 4- sulphophenylhydrazine to sulphanilic acid presumably in the gut lumen. /4-sulphophenylhydrazine/ European Food Safety Authority (EFSA); Scientific Opinion of the ANS Panel on the re-evaluation Tartrazine (E 102) Published: 12 November 2009 Available from, as of June 28, 2011: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/publications.htm from HSDB 8.4Mechanism of Action HelpNew Window ... Blocking studies showed that tartrazine contraction was inhibited by atropine alone but not by any other blocking agent tested, implying that tartrazine acts either directly or indirectly upon the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor associated with parasympathetic innervation. PMID:1570631 Hutchinson AP et al; Toxicol Lett 60 (2): 165-73 (1992) from HSDB

The ability of selected food colors to interact with isolated guinea-pig ileum was investigated using a gut bath system. Studies revealed that guinea-pig ileum was specifically sensitive to tartrazine. Intestinal contraction occurred dose-dependently down to a minimum effective dose of 10 uM. ...Studies investigating the biological activity of structural analogues of tartrazine revealed the ability to initiate intestinal contraction was associated with the presence of the carboxylic acid residue at the R1 position of the pyrazole ring. Blocking studies showed that tartrazine contraction was inhibited by atropine alone but not by any other blocking agent tested, implying that tartrazine acts either directly or indirectly upon the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor associated with parasympathetic innervation. from HSDB 9.4Formulations/Preparations HelpNew Window Admiral Liquid: Erioglaucine 15.31%, Tartrazine 1.00% Purdue University; National Pesticide Information Retrieval System, Tartrazine PC Code 110302. Available from, as of June 7, 2011: http://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/ from HSDB Admiral WSP: Erioglaucine 49.72%, Tartrazine 3.27% Purdue University; National Pesticide Information Retrieval System, Tartrazine PC Code 110302. Available from, as of June 7, 2011: http://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/ from HSDB Aquashade: Erioglaucine 12.6%, Tartrazine 1.04% Purdue University; National Pesticide Information Retrieval System, Tartrazine PC Code 110302. Available from, as of June 7, 2011: http://npirspublic.ceris.purdue.edu/ppis/ from HSDB 9.5U.S. Production HelpNew Window (1988) 47 metric ton /From table/ Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V3: 836 (1992) from HSDB 1H-Pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid, 4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1-(4-sulfophenyl)-4-[(4-sulfophenyl)azo]-, trisodium salt is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) chemical (65FR81686). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990 and/or 1994. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438).[EPA/Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics; High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program. 1H-Pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid, 4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1-(4-sulfophenyl)-4- (4-sulfophenyl)azo]-, trisodium salt (1934-21-0). Available from, as of June 23, 2011: http://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/general/opptsrch.htm from HSDB Production volumes for non-confidential chemicals reported under the Inventory Update Rule. Table:

National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. from CAMEO Chemicals 11.2First Aid Measures HelpNew Window 11.2.1First Aid HelpNew Window EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992) National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. from CAMEO Chemicals 11.3Fire Fighting HelpNew Window Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992) National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Repository Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. from CAMEO Chemicals 11.4Accidental Release Measures HelpNew Window 11.4.1Disposal Methods HelpNew Window SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. from HSDB

/GENOTOXICITY/ Food coloring agents, amaranth, erythrosine and tartrazine have been tested at 0.02-8mM in human peripheral blood cells in vitro, in order to investigate their genotoxic, cytotoxic and cytostatic potential. Amaranth at the highest concentration (8mM) demonstrates high genotoxicity, cytostaticity and cytotoxicity. The frequency of /sister chromatid exchanges per/ cell was increased 1.7 times over the control level. Additionally, erythrosine at 8, 4 and 2mM shows a high cytotoxicity and cytostaticity. Finally, tartrazine seems to be toxic at 8 and 4mM. No signs of genotoxicity were observed. Reversely, tartrazine showed cytotoxicity at 1 and 2mM. Furthermore, spectroscopic titration studies for the interaction of these food additives with DNA showed that these dyes bind to calf thymus DNA and distinct isosbestic points are observed clearly suggesting binding of the dyes to DNA. Additionally DNA electrophoretic mobility experiments showed that these colorants are obviously capable for strong binding to linear dsDNA causing its degradation. /Polymerase chain reaction amplification/ of all DNA fragments (which previously were pre-treated with three different concentrations of the colorants, extracted from agarose gel after separation and then purified), seems to be attenuated with a manner dye concentration-dependent reflecting in a delayed electrophoretic mobility due to the possible binding of some molecules of the dyes. Evaluation of the data and curves were obtained after quantitative and qualitative analysis of the lanes of the gel by an analyzer computer program. Our results indicate that these food colorants had a toxic potential to human lymphocytes in vitro and it seems that they bind directly to DNA.

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ The synthetic food dyes studied were rose bengal (RB), phroxine (PL), amaranth, erythrosine B (ET), allura red, new coccine, acid red (AR), tartrazine, sunset yellow FCF, brilliant blue FCF, and indigo carmine. First, data confirmed that these dyes were not substrates for CYP2A6, UGT1A6, and UGT2B7. ET inhibited UGT1A6 (glucuronidation of p-nitrophenol) and UGT2B7 (glucuronidation of androsterone). We showed the inhibitory effect of xanthene dye on human UGT1A6 activity. Basic ET, PL, and RB in those food dyes strongly inhibited UGT1A6 activity, with IC50 values = 0.05, 0.04, and 0.015 mM, respectively. ... Human CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein were also inhibited by basic xanthene food dyes. The IC50 values of these dyes to inhibit CYP3A4 and P-glycoprotein were the same as the inhibition level of UGT1A6 by three halogenated xanthene food dyes (ET, PL, and RB) described above, except AR, like the results with UGT1A6 and UGT2B7. We also confirmed the noninhibition of CYP3A4 and P-gp by other synthetic food dyes. Part of this inhibition depended upon the reaction of /singlet oxygen/ originating on xanthene dyes by light irradiation, because inhibition was prevented by /singlet oxygen/ quenchers. We studied the influence of superoxide dismutase and catalase on this inhibition by dyes and we found prevention of inhibition by superoxide dismutase but not catalase. This result suggests that superoxide anions, originating on dyes by light irradiation, must attack drug-metabolizing enzymes. ...

/IMMUNOTOXICITY/ ...A sensitive and reproducible microassay model using human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) for discrimination between the cytotoxic and immunosuppressive effects of food colorants such as tartrazine /is described/. The cytotoxic effects of a wide range of concentrations were studied on human PBL by the colorimetric in vitro cytotoxicity assays, neutral red uptake (NR) and thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide (MTT). The immunotoxic properties were determined by a [(3)H]-thymidine DNA incorporation assay on phytohemagglutinin stimulated or non-stimulated lymphocytes, as well as by a (51)Cr release Natural Killer assays. The results showed clear immunosuppressive effects tested, although the concentrations chosen for this study proved to be non-cytotoxic by NR and MTT cytotoxic endpoints.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/There are over 200 food additives that have been approved in Finland. They are being used in order to improve preservability, flavor, appearance and texture. Some of them may cause hypersensitivity reactions, the most common being anaphylactic reactions, urticaria and exacerbation of asthma. Such reactions are, however, very rare. Anaphylactic reactions and other symptoms have resulted from carmine, lysozyme, acetic acid and acetates, gums of plant origin, sulfites and tartrazine

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ The Compendium of Pharmaceuticals and Specialties (CPS) / The Canadian Drug Reference for Health Professionals/ was used to reference the inert ingredients found in oral dermatologic medications. An extensive literature review was subsequently conducted using PubMed and Medline to document adverse reactions to these excipients. Sixty-three oral dermatologic medications were reviewed. Lactose was commonly used as a filler. Several medications indicated that they were dye, tartrazine, or gluten free. Three medications were found to contain soybean oil and one was found to contain peanut oil. Although there are documented reactions to excipients in other products in the literature, few reports outline reactions to excipients in oral dermatologic medications. Whether this low frequency is accurate or whether it is due to a lack of reporting remains unknown.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ... The effects of Tartrazine on dermal mast cell degranulation /were/ studied in the mouse 1, 6, 12 and 24 hours after a single intradermal injection. After 1 and 12 hours the dye caused partial degranulation; at the end of the 6-hour period an internal degranulation was predominant. The effects were no longer visible after 24 hours.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ Tests were conducted on the effects of diet on the response of immature male rats to massive doses of tartrazine (FD&C Yellow No.5). When incorporated at a 5% level in a stock diet, tartrazine had no grossly observable toxic effects. When fed with a purified diet, however, tartrazine at 5% level in the diet resulted in a marked retardation in growth, an unthrifty appearance of the fur and death of 50% or more of the rats within an experimental period of 14 days. The toxic effects obtained by feeding the latter diets were counteracted by the concurrent feeding of blond psyllium seed powder, carrot root powder, alfalfa leaf meal and wheat bran. Supplements of the known nutrients had little if any protective effect. Supplements of purified cellulose were without protective effect for the rats fed tartrazine

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ ...Tartrazine and carmoisine were administered orally in two doses, one low and the other high dose for 30 days followed by serum and tissue sample collection for determination of /alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase/, urea, creatinine, total protein, albumin, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose in serum and estimation of /glutathion/, catalase, /superoxide dismutase/ and /malone dialdehyde/ in liver tissue in male albino rat. .../The/ data showed a significant increase in /alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase/, urea, creatinine total protein and albumin in serum of rats dosed with tartrazine and carmoisine compared to control rats and these significant change were more apparent in high doses than low, /glutathione, superoxide dismutase/ and catalase were decreased and /malone dialdehyde/ increased in tissue homogenate in rats consumed high tartrazine and both doses of carmoisine. .../It was/ concluded that tartrazine and carmoisine affect adversely and alter biochemical markers in vital organs e.g. liver and kidney not only at higher doses but also at low dose.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ ... 22 male Wistar rats at weaning were assigned to a control group to receive a mineral water for ten months (46 weeks) and 23 to a treatment group. The treatment group received 7.5 mg/kg bw Tartrazine daily in mineral water offered ad libitum. In the 46th week the animals were killed and necropsied, removing the esophagus-gastro-duodenal segment, subsequently opened through the greater curvature and processed according to a standardized procedure for a histological examination. For each of four regions: squamous gastric fundus, glandular fundus, body and antrum, the number of mitosis, the presence of atypia and atrophy, the number of eosinophils and lymphocytes, and the number of argentaffin granular cells were observed. One animal from each group died before the 40th week. The cause of death for the control animal was not identified; for the treated group animal, the cause was undifferentiated round cell malignancy, involving the intestinal wall and pancreas. The statistically significant differences between the treatment and control group were in the higher number and extent of lymphocytes infiltrates (p<0.01) and number of eosinophils (p<0.05) in the antral mucosa of treated animals. Mild atypia predominated in most of the animals from both groups, but in 3 control rats there was no atypia whatsoever whereas 3 treated rats showed foci of moderate to severe atypia (p<0.05). ... No carcinogenic changes in any gastric area were observed...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Four groups of rats (15 of each sex) were given diets with 0, 0.03, 0.3, or 1.5 % Tartrazine (equivalent to 0, 15, 150, or 750 mg/kg bw/day) for 64 weeks. The dye had no effects on mortality, food intake, growth, organ weights, histopathology, blood picture or tumor incidence ... (NOAEL) of 750 mg/kg bw/day (being the highest dose level tested) ... European Food Safety Authority (EFSA); Scientific Opinion of the ANS Panel on the re-evaluation Tartrazine (E 102) Published: 12 November 2009 Available from, as of June 28, 2011: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/publications.htm from HSDB /LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Ten rats were exposed to diets containing 0.2 % Tartrazine (equivalent to 100 mg/kg bw/day) for 417 days. After observation periods of up to 922 days no tumors were observed. ... European Food Safety Authority (EFSA); Scientific Opinion of the ANS Panel on the re-evaluation Tartrazine (E 102) Published: 12 November 2009 Available from, as of June 28, 2011: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/publications.htm from HSDB /LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ In rats fed 4 % Tartrazine in their diets (equivalent to 2000 mg/kg bw/day) for approximately 18 months, discoloration of the stomach, small intestine and colon was observed; tumors were not observed. ... European Food Safety Authority (EFSA); Scientific Opinion of the ANS Panel on the re-evaluation Tartrazine (E 102) Published: 12 November 2009 Available from, as of June 28, 2011: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/publications.htm from HSDB /LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ A total of 117 male and female mice received a daily diet containing 1 mg Tartrazine per animal (equivalent to approximately 2.5 mg/kg bw/day) (duration of exposure not stated). After 500 and 700 days tumor incidence was not significantly increased compared to controls. ... European Food Safety Authority (EFSA); Scientific Opinion of the ANS Panel on the re-evaluation Tartrazine (E 102) Published: 12 November 2009 Available from, as of June 28, 2011: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/publications.htm from HSDB /LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ FD&C Yellow No. 5 was admixed with the feed at concentrations of 0, 1, or 2% of the diet and fed for two years to two Beagle dogs/sex/group. Hematologic examinations were made periodically. At the end of 2 years, the dogs were sacrificed and histological exams performed. There were no clinical observations, hematology changes, or gross lesions due to tartrazine. The only data presented were organ weights. An incidence of pyloric gastritis in one high dose female was considered an equivocal treatment related effect. California Environmental Protection Agency/Department of Pesticide Regulation; Toxicology Data Review Summarieson Acid Yellow 23(1934-21-0) p2 (Janurary 25, 2002). Available from as of March 15, 2004. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/risk/toxsums/toxsumlist.htm from HSDB /LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ FD&C Yellow No. 5 (no purity stated) was admixed with the feed at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, or 5% and fed for two years to 12 Osborne-Mendel rats/sex/group. Rats in the 5 and 2% groups experienced diarrhea, incidence not reported. Small amounts of whitish-tan gritty material were found in the renal pelvis of one 1% and three 5% male rats and regarded by the authors as possibly significant. The incidence of nephritis was not dose-related in incidence or severity. The incidence of tumors was not treatment-related. California Environmental Protection Agency/Department of Pesticide Regulation; Toxicology Data Review Summarieson Acid Yellow 23 (1934-21-0) p2 (Janurary 25, 2002). Available from as of March 15, 2004. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/risk/toxsums/toxsumlist.htm

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ The carcinogenicity of tartrazine (C. I. Food Yellow No. 4, FD & C Yellow No. 5), a food, drug and cosmetics coloring, was examined in F344 rats. Tartrazine was dissolved in distilled water at levels of 0, 1 or 2%, and groups of about 50 male and 50 female rats were given one of these solutions ad lib. as their drinking-water for up to 2 yr. No toxic lesions specifically caused by tartrazine were detected in any treated group of either sex. Many tumors developed in all groups including the control group, and the organ distribution of these tumors and their histological characteristics were similar to those of the spontaneous tumors that are known to occur in this strain of rats. Except for mesothelioma in males and endometrial stromal polyp in females, there were no significant increases in the incidences of any tumors over those in the corresponding control group. In males, mesotheliomas were found only in the group given 1% tartrazine and the incidence of this lesion was statistically significant (Fisher's exact test) in comparison with the other two groups (P<0.02). The incidence of endometrial stromal polyp was also significantly higher among females given the 1% dose than in the controls (P<0.05). However, no positive trend was noted in the occurrence of these two tumors using an age-adjusted statistical analysis. Mesothelioma and endometrial stromal polyp are frequently observed spontaneous tumors in this strain of rats, and their incidences in our historical controls are 4.1 and 21.9%, respectively. However in the present study mesothelioma occurred in none of the male control rats and the incidence of endometrial stromal polyp was only 10.6% in the female control group. Moreover, there was no significant difference between the control and treated groups in hyperplastic or pre-neoplastic changes in the mesothelium or endometrium. From these findings, we concluded that the significant increases in the incidences of mesothelioma and endometrial stromal polyp that occurred in the groups given 1% tartrazine were not attributable to tartrazine administration. Thus, it is concluded that tartrazine was not carcinogenic in F344 rats when administered continuously at doses of up to 2% in the drinking-water for up to 2 yr.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Neurotoxicity/ Rat dams were exposed to the artificial food color tartrazine (FD&C Yellow no. 5) at dietary levels of 0, 1, and 2% during gestation and lactation. ...The only effect on postnatal development of the central nervous system (CNS) was a small transient change in neuromotor clinging ability of female offspring. The limited effect of tartrazine on the CNS was further evidenced by the facts that (1) the neurobehavioral profiles of the experimental weanlings revealed no significant abnormalities, and (2) morphochemical analysis of brain tissue, as well as brain weights, revealed no abnormalities.

/DEVELOPMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY/ Tartrazine was given in the diet to provide levels of 0% (control), 0.05%, 0.15%, and 0.45% (approximately 83, 259, 773 mg/kg/day, respectively) from five weeks of age of the F0 generation to nine weeks of age of the F1 generation in mice, and selected reproductive and neurobehavioral parameters were measured. In movement activity of exploratory behavior in the F0 generation, number of vertical activity was significantly increased in the middle-dose group in males. There were no adverse effects of tartrazine on either litter size, litter weight and sex ratio at birth. The average body weight of male offspring was significantly increased in the high-dose group and that of female offspring was significantly increased in the middle-dose group at birth. In behavioral developmental parameters, surface righting at /postnatal day/ 4 was significantly accelerated in the high-dose group in male offspring, and those effects were significantly dose-related in a trend test (P<0.01). Cliff avoidance at /postnatal day/ 7 was significantly accelerated in the middle-dose group in male offspring. Negative geotaxis at /postnatal day/ 4 was significantly delayed in the high-dose group in female offspring. Other variables measured showed no significant adverse effects in either sex in the lactation period. In movement activity of exploratory behavior in the F1 generation, number of movement showed a significant tendency to be affected in the treatment groups in male offspring in a trend test (P<0.05). The dose level of tartrazine in the present study produced a few adverse effects in neurobehavioral parameters during the lactation period in mice. Nevertheless, the high-dose level were in excess of the /average daily intake/ of tartrazine (0-7.5 mg/kg bw), and the actual dietary intake of tartrazine is presumed to be much lower. ...

/BEHAVIORAL STUDIES/ Tartrazine was given to mice in the diet at levels of 0 (control), 0.05%, 0.15%, and 0.45% from 5 weeks of age of the F(0) generation to 9 weeks of age of the F(2) generation, and selected reproductive and neurobehavioral parameters were measured. In the F(1) generation, the development of swimming direction at postnatal day (PND) 7 was accelerated significantly in male offspring in a dose-related manner. Surface righting at PND 7 was affected significantly in female offspring in dose-related manner. Several variables in exploratory behavior showed significant tendencies to be affected in the treatment groups in male offspring at 3 weeks of age. In the F(2) generation, the development of swimming direction at PND 7 was accelerated significantly in the high-dosed group in male offspring. Time taken of olfactory orientation at PND 14 was accelerated significantly in male offspring in a dose-related manner. Several variables in exploratory behavior showed significant tendencies to be affected in the treatment groups in male offspring at 3 weeks of age, and in males at 8 weeks of age. The dose levels of tartrazine in the present study produced a few adverse effects on neurobehavioral parameters throughout generations in mice.

/GENOTOXICITY/... Genotoxicity of Tartrazine /was studied/ in the gut micronucleus assay in mice after administration by oral gavage of 20, 200 or 1000 mg/kg bw twice at 24-hour intervals, and examination 24 hours later. ... The genotoxic effects /were/ assessed by recording the frequency of micronucleated cells and cell toxicity by identification of the apoptotic and mitotic cells. ... Acute oral exposure to Tartrazine did not induce genotoxic effect in the micronucleus gut assay at doses up to 2000 mg/kg bw. Food dye administration increased the mitotic cells at all dose levels when compared to controls. ...

Almanya'da 20.07.2010 dan sonra,Çocuk aktivitesini ve dikkatini azaltabilir, etkileyebilir yazılması şart koşulmuştur. (E 210) veya Aspirine karşı alerjisi bulunanlara uzak durulması tavsiye edilmektedir. Bitkisel veya hayvansal kökenli olabilir.

Tartrazin içeren ürünler yaygın olarak suni sarı veya yeşil renge sahip işlenmiş ticari gıdalar veya tüketicilerin kahverengi veya kremsi görünmesini beklemektedir. Fırında pişmiş mallardaki "limon" taklitinin parlak sarı renkte sıklıkla kullanılmıştır. Aşağıdakiler tartrazin içerebilecek gıdaların bir listesidir:

Fiziksel yapısı toz'dur. Suda çözünür.

Sarı (Tartrazine) Toz Gıda Boyası; gıda katkı maddeleri arasında E102 kodu ile yer almaktadır.

Tartrazinin Kimyasal Formülü: C16H9N4Na3O9S2

Tartrazinin İngilizcesi: Tartrazine

3. Review criteria and search terms

The acceptable daily intake (ADI) is the amount of a substance that can be taken every day for an entire lifetime without any adverse effect. Tartrazine has an ADI of up to 7.5 mg/kg bodyweight, which was established by Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in1964. Recent reviews have concluded that a revision of the ADI based on the available data is not warranted. A dietary exposure assessment predicted that tartrazine consumption for children aged between 2 and 16 years in Australia, even at the highest daily consumption, would be between 0.21 and 0.38 mg/kg bodyweight (which corresponds to between 3 and 5% of the ADI). Elhkim et al. (2007) recently conducted a toxicological assessment and their bibliographical review of animal studies confirmed the initial hazard assessment conducted by JECFA (1964) and the ADI of 7.5 mg/kg bw. They calculated that in France the estimated maximum theoretical intake of tartrazine in children is 37.2% of the ADI at the 97.5th percentile.

Tartrazine was reported to produce neurotoxicity and deficits in learning and memory in animals (Gao 2011) at doses in excess of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of tartrazine (0-7.5 mg/kg/day). However, it could not be excluded that exposure to tartrazine together with other dyes exerted toxicity by mechanisms involving synergistic process.

Long-term toxicity studies in rodents were reviewed by JECFA (1966). As confirmed by EFSA (2009), these studies were all conducted prior to the introduction of OECD guidelines and the establishment of Good Laboratory Practice. In the majority of these studies, when examined, there were no consistent or dose-related effects on behaviour, morbidity, mortality, haematology or the general physical observations.

Over the years, interest waned but was revived in 2004 with a study published by Schab & Trinh (2004; see below).

Thus, no clear relationship between ingestion of food colours (including tartrazine) and the development of attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms in children (Arnold et al., 2012) or development of intolerance reaction (Elhkim et al., 2007) was established. The use of non-standardised diagnosis, questionable sample selection, imperfect blinding and non-standardised outcome measures utilised by previous investigators may have been key factors contributing to the ambiguity surrounding tartrazine consumption and these reactions.

Interest in the relationship between food colours and hyperactivity in children was revived again in 2007 when McCann et al. (2007) published a study conducted at the Southampton University. The study implied that mixtures of certain artificial food colours and sodium benzoate could increase the mean level of hyperactivity profile behaviours in two age groups of children (3-4 years old and 8-9 years old) from the general population. However, lack of consistency in the results with respect to the age and sex of the children and the type of observer (parent, teacher, or independent assessor); the unknown clinical relevance of the effects measured; the use of mixtures in the study and lack of information on dose-response resulted in the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) rejecting suggestions of a direct link between artificial food colours and hyperactivity (Watson 2008).

Furthermore, in response to a petition from the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI 2008) arising from the Southampton study, the FDA also conducted a thorough review of the McCann et al. 2007 study as well as publications of previously conducted clinical trials (33 trials), including the 2004 meta-analysis by Schab and Trinh (2004).

The concerns of the FDA neurotoxicology/toxicology panel were in line with the previously identified deficiencies of McCann et al. 2007 study by the EFSA (Watson 2008). Thus, the FDA concluded that a causal relationship between exposure to tartrazine (and other colour additives) and hyperactivity in children in the general population could not established.

Neither EFAS nor the FDA found any compelling evidence to alter current regulations on acceptable daily intakes of tartrazine in foods, drugs and cosmetics.

Tartrazine doesn't even sound appetizing when you learn what it's made from! As with most artificial colors, it is manufactured from coal tar; hmmm, yummy! BLECH!

I keep mentioning the fact that ADHD is not a disease, it's merely caused by a poor diet loaded with all kinds of nasty, dangerous additives. I've told you how pesticides, MSG, BHA & BHT and refined sugar are all contributing to the fact that our children are hyperactive. Well, guess what? Now there's another additive causing hyperactivity in our children: Tartrazine.

Sadly, this isn't the only side effect that FD&C Yellow #5 has...it has also been linked to asthma, migraines, thyroid cancer, anxiety, clinical depression, blurred vision, purple spots on your skin and unexplainable itchy skin.

Do I really have to tell you WHY it's used when the food industries are aware of its side effects? OK, I will, Tartrazine is still used because it's cheap. Beta Carotene could be used to achieve the same color results as Tartrazine, but it's more expensive. Bottom line: as with all other harmful food additives, the food industry continues to use this harmful artificial coloring because it is CHEAP.

Tartrazine is found in a LOT of products, cereals, desserts, snack foods, shampoos and even cosmetics can all contain this harmful colorant. All you have to do is check the labels before you buy!

The biggest kick in the teeth, is the presence of artificial colours and other additives in some unavoidable childrens medicines such as paracetamol or antibiotics. They are permitted excipients in the UK. There has been no alternative antibiotic available, without lurid colouring, for my child when I have requested it. Calpol, a heavily promoted and leading brand of paracetamol suspension in the UK, has a list of additives too. It is nigh on impossible to find either medicine without additives. No wonder they seem to ‘work wonders' and the kids are up and bouncing about after having these medications.... I dread my kids getting ill. Their behaviour is altered and it's not their fault. I feel like it's a double edged sword, administering these drugs to them. The drug element helps them, but the additives do them such a disservice. Avatar E on October 2, 2017 at 8:38 pm

What is wrong with you people? What you put in your body does not cause ADHD and I most certainly didn't give my son ADHD because of the food I consumed either. Please do your research before you post information. It is hereditary, it isn't caused by food dyes and toxins. Both my son and I eat very well, yeah sometimes we eat things with food dye but who doesn't? And I can tell you now I know tons of people who pump their bodies full of toxins and junk and they are fine and so are their children. Eating junk isn't good for anyone and too much food dye and toxins are obviously not good for you but it most certainly doesn't cause ADHD. There is no real research that can back up claims that your diet is linked to ADHD. Yeah too many toxins or dyes or sugars may make children hyperactive but that doesn't mean they have ADHD. It's passed down through genes. You are all very naïve. Avatar kikiTee on October 10, 2017 at 4:25 am I have to avoid tartrazine like the plague. It causes me migraine. After returning to the UK from a holiday in north America, I can stop checking the majority of labels. It felt like EVERYTHING in NA has tartrazine in it, even supposedly ‘natural' lemonade. Surely the fact it hurts people should be enough to remove it from the food chain regardless of the price. Avatar Sophie on October 10, 2017 at 1:55 pm Is there a place that I can find your sources for this article?? Avatar Robin Cook. on January 17, 2018 at 4:53 pm I can say that I am 65 and I have suffered from Migraine all my life they come in many forms some I can say are caused by stress, others are caused by food and drinks ,when i got married in the 1980 my wife was very careful about my food and migraines disapered , we noticed that when our Children had food out of our control they sometimes became Hyperactive and with made cow disease so we became very careful about our diets ,we were the nutty people but I dont think we were . People seem to be ill with things we never herd of 30 years ago . Just think about the people you know and make your own mind up.

Tartrazine is one of the most widely used artificial foods, drugs and cosmetic dyes. It is a nitrous derivative and is known to cause allergic reactions such as asthma and urticaria, as well as having been the focus of studies on mutagenesis and carcinogenesis due to its transformation into aromatic amine sulfanilic acid after being metabolized by the gastrointestinal microflora. 45 male Wistar rats were assigned to a control group (A) or a treatment one (B). The treatment group received 7.5 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1) of tartrazine daily in drinking water offered ad libitum for ten months from weaning to the age of twelve months. There was a significant increase in the number of lymphocytes and eosinophils of the gastric antrum mucosa. No carcinogenetic changes in any gastric area were observed during the study. As tartrazine belongs to the azo class, it is still a possible food carcinogen. Other studies with different doses and schedules, observing their effects associated to other carcinogens should be carried out if their safe use is to be recommended. Certain food additives are dangerous to our children, but who would have thought that the dyes used would be dangerous? I grew up using food coloring in frosting, decorating cookies and cakes...I don`t even know what else my mother used it on. So the fact that artificial coloring is so dangerous to our health was a surprise. Of course, the food coloring that we all grew up using isn`t the same thing as the artificial colors used in processed foods. Tartrazine, also known as FD&C Yellow #5 or E102, is one of these artificial coloring additives. This is one we don`t want to give to our kids, so avoid it like it`s the plague! Tartrazine doesn`t even sound appetizing when you learn what it`s made from! As with most artificial colors, it is manufactured from coal tar; hmmm, yummy! BLECH!I keep mentioning the fact that ADHD is not a disease, it`s merely caused by a poor diet loaded with all kinds of nasty, dangerous additives. I`ve told you how pesticides, MSG, BHA & BHT and refined sugar are all contributing to the fact that our children are hyperactive. Well, guess what? Now there`s another additive causing hyperactivity in our children: Tartrazine.Sadly, this isn`t the only side effect that FD&C Yellow #5 has...it has also been linked to asthma, migraines, thyroid cancer, anxiety, clinical depression, blurred vision, purple spots on your skin and unexplainable itchy skin.Do I really have to tell you WHY it`s used when the food industries are aware of its side effects? OK, I will, Tartrazine is still used because it`s cheap. Beta Carotene could be used to achieve the same color results as Tartrazine, but it`s more expensive. Bottom line: as with all other harmful food additives, the food industry continues to use this harmful artificial coloring because it is CHEAP.Tartrazine is found in a LOT of products, cereals, desserts, snack foods, shampoos and even cosmetics can all contain this harmful colorant. All you have to do is check the labels before you buy! While checking the labels of everything at the grocery store may seem like a pain in the ass, think about how much of a pain in the ass it would be if your child were to end up sick and in the hospital or, if you have a child that has "diagnosed" with ADHD, think about how nice it would be to have a less hyperactive child. A synthetic yellow azo dye found in fruit squash, fruit cordial, coloured fizzy drinks, instant puddings, cake mixes, custard powder, soups, sauces, ice cream, ice lollies, sweets, chewing gum, marzipan, jam, jelly, marmalade, mustard, yoghurt and many convenience foods together with glycerine, lemon and honey products. It can also be found in the shells of medicinal capsules. Tartrazine appears to cause the most allergic and/or intolerance reactions of all the azo dyes, particularly amongst those with an aspirin intolerance and asthmatics.Not recommended for consumption by children.The Hyperactive Childrens Support Group belive that a link exists between this additive and hyperactive behavioural disorders in children.Tartrazine (E 102) is a yellow, water-soluble mono- azo colour mainly used as its sodium salt, but also as potassium and calcium salts and as an aluminium lake. Tartrazine is produced from 4-amino benzenesulfonic acid by diazotization and coupling with 4,5-dihydro-5-oxo-1-(4-sulfophenyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid or its esters. The resulting colour is purified and isolated as the sodium, potassium, or calcium salt (EFSA, 2009d). In human metabolism, intact Tartrazine is absorbed in small amounts only and predominantly excreted unchanged via the kidney. However, Tartrazine appears to be metabolized by the gastrointestinal microflora to sulfanilic acid and α-amino-β-ketobutyric acid, which are probably being absorbed to a greater extent than the parent compound. It appears that the absorption of Tartrazine following oral administration is negligible to low (< 5%). AsTartrazine can be found unchanged in the urine, the small amounts that are absorbed are not metabolized. However, some metabolic modifications occur by the intestinal microflora leading to breakdown of the colour to sulfanilic acid and aminopyrazolone, both of which show a higher rate of absorption than Tartrazine as such. Tartrazine is an azo dye, also known as FD&C Yellow No. 5 and is commonly used as a pharmaceutical colorant. It has been FDA-approved as a drug colorant for internal consumption, external use and around the eye area. In addition to use in pharmaceuticals as a dye, tartrazine is used as a food and cosmetic colorant. FD&C colors are the colors certified for use by the U.S. FDA, in the drug, food and cosmetic industry. Over-the- counter and prescription drugs that contain tartrazine shall bear statements on the label stating that the product contains FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) as a color additive or contains color additives including FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine). They may also state that FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) may cause allergic-type reactions (including bronchial asthma) in certain susceptible persons. Although the overall incidence of FD&C Yellow No. 5 (tartrazine) sensitivity in the general population is low, it is frequently seen in patients who also have aspirin hypersensitivity. This warning statement shall appear in the "Precautions" section of the labeling. Tartrazine hypersensitivity reactions include headaches, asthma attacks, itching or hives, insomnia, and hyperactivity. Tartrazine is often associated with allergies and hypersensitivity reactions, particularly in patients with asthma or aspirin intolerance. Tartrazine hypersensitivity reactions include headaches, asthma attacks, itching or hives, insomnia, and hyperactivity. The avoidance of tartrazine to prevent allergic asthma in these patients is controversial. A Cochrane Review from 2006 suggests that exclusion of tartrazine from the diets of patients with asthma does not worsen or improve asthma symptoms.