Potasyumperoksimonosülfate; Potasyum Peroksimonosülfat; potasyum monosülfat; POTASYUM PEROKSİMONOSÜLFAT; okzon; ozon; OZON; POTASSIUM PEROXY MONO SULFATI; POTASIO PEROXYMONOSULPHATE; potasyum perokzomonosülfat; potassium peroxomonosulfate; 37222-66-5; Potassium Peroxomonosulfate; Potassium monopersulfate triple salt; MFCD00040551; Oxone® Oxone; monopersulfate; PotassiumPeroxomonosulfate; DTXSID8051415; KS-00000EUF; HJKYXKSLRZKNSI-UHFFFAOYSA-I; OXONE(R); monopersulfate compound; OXONE® monopersulfate compound; Potassium monoperoxysulfate OXONE(R); AKOS015912003; AKOS030228420; SC-26713; FT-0697154; O0310; I14-35746; Potassium monopersulfate triple salt, >=47% KHSO5 basis; Potassium peroxymonosulfate; (Hydroperoxysulfonyl)oxydanide de potassium ; 10058-23-8; 233-187-4; Caroat; Kalium-(hydroperoxysulfonyl)oxidanid; Kaliumsulfodioxidanid; Monopotassium peroxymonosulfate; Oxone; Potassium (hydroperoxysulfonyl)oxidanide; Potassium hydrogen dioxidan-2-idesulfonate (1:1:1); POTASSIUM PEROXOSULFATE; Potassium sulfodioxidanide; Sulfodioxidanide de potassium; KHSO5; MFCD01941542; Peroxymonosulfuric acid, monopotassium salt; Peroxymonosulfuricacid, monopotassium salt; POTASSIUM HYDROGEN PERSULFATE; Potassium hydrogenperoxomonosulphate; potassium hydroxy sulfate; PMPS; KMPS; OXONE; CAROAT; OXONE(TM); `CARO`S ACID`; tetrapotassium; Oxone; monopersulfate; oxido hydrogen sulfate; POTASSIUM MONOPERSULFATE
OXONE®, monopersulfate compound is a potassium triple salt mainly used as a stable, easy to handle and nontoxic oxidant.
A rapid, efficient synthesis of oxaziridines from imines using buffered OXONE has been reported. Also used to study fading of an artist′s colorants.
OXONE, monopersulfate compound may be used as an alternative to transition-metal oxidants for the conversion of aldehydes to carboxylic acids or esters.
Oxidant used for halogenation of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and catalytic generation of hypervalent iodine reagents for alcohol oxidation.
Oxidant used for halogenation of a,b-unsaturated carbonyl compounds and catalytic generation of hypervalent iodine reagents for alcohol oxidation.
2-Iodoxybenzenesulfonic Acid as an Extremely Active Catalyst for the Selective Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Enones with Oxone
A Convenient Halogenation of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds with OXONE® and Hydrohalic Acid (HBr, HCl). Potassium peroxymonosulfate (Trifectant, Virkon S)
Like peracetic acid, potassium peroxymonosulfate is an oxidizing agent, and 1% solutions are high-level disinfectants that are capable of inactivation of non-enveloped viruses when contact times of 10 minutes are used.16 Thus it is suitable for inactivation of canine parvovirus and feline calicivirus. Potassium peroxymonosulfate retains some activity in the presence of organic matter. Solutions are prepared from powder and remain active for 7 days. The powder is corrosive and can cause serious skin and ocular burns, but the solution is nonirritating and less corrosive than bleach. The solution stains fabric and may damage surfaces, particularly metal, over time if rinsing is not performed.Potassium peroxymonosulfate (Trifectant; Vétoquinol, Buena, NJ) is a commonly used oxiding agent. A 1% solution is reliably bactericidal and virucidal (including nonenveloped viruses).Potassium Peroxymonosulfate.
This is the main component of Trifectant (Vetoquinol) and has broad-spectrum antibacterial and antiviral properties. Early studies on the antifungal efficacy of potassium peroxymonosulfate did not reveal good efficacy.
Potassium Peroxymonosulfate, more commonly called non-chlorine shock, is a substance that can rapidly oxidize swimming pool contaminates without the use of chlorine.
Potassium peroxymonosulfate is also called MPS, or Potassium Monopersulfate. MPS does not contain chlorine, as it is a potassium salt of peroxymonosulfuric acid.
Potassium peroxymonosulfate is marketed as a popular non-chlorine based shock. Its primary swimming pool use is to oxidize any contaminates in the water, leaving chlorine or bromine sanitizers already present in the water to focus on sanitizing the water.
There are several advantages of using potassium peroxymonosulfate in swimming pools:
Since there is no chlorine added, the swimming pool is available for swimming immediately after the shock has dissolved and time has been given for the oxidation process to complete. Oxidation is usually complete in about one to two hours, versus eight or more hours for chlorine-based shock.
Chlorine use can decrease, as less chlorine is needed to oxidize organic and inorganic matter in the pool.
There are several disadvantage of using potassium peroxymonosulfate as a shock treatment in swimming pools
Chlorine tests can read incorrectly high in DPD or FAS-DPD tests, as the non-chlorine shock may show up as combined chlorine in these tests.
If adequate chlorine sanitizer levels are not maintained, then adding non-chlorine shock like MSP may increase the risk of algae growth due to possible nitrate creation from adding MPS.COMPOUND SUMMARY
Molecular Formula: H3K5O18S4. Molecular Weight 614.8 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 3 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 18 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Rotatable Bond Count 0 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Exact Mass 613.638755 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Monoisotopic Mass 613.638755 g/mol Computed by PubChem 2.1 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Topological Polar Surface Area 365 Ų Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11 (PubChem release 2019.06.18)
Complexity 239 Computed by Cactvs 3.4.6.11. 11072170 Pentapotassium;hydrogen sulfate;hydroxy sulfate;sulfate H3K5O18S4 614.8
Structure 76965676 Potassium peroxymonosulfate sulfate (K5(HSO3(O2))2(HSO4)(SO4)) H5K25O28S6+18 1622.9
Structure 90659649 Pentapotassium bis(peroxymonosulphate) bis(sulphate) H3K5O18S4 614.8
22915 Potassium peroxymonosulfate-Oxone monopersulfate Microbiocide Crustacea Water flea Daphnia magna <24 hr 48 hr EC50 3.5 PPM
22916 Potassium peroxymonosulfate-Oxone monopersulfate Microbiocide Aquatic Plant Freshwater green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata N.R. 96 hr EC50 1.0 PPM.
Animal Hygiene Cosmetics Denture cleanser bleach additive Disinfection Disinfection of drinking water Laundry Laundry Bleach Ingredient Material protection Personal Care Pool & Spa Pool & Spa Shock Oxidizer Professional Disinfection Washing- and cleaning agent industry Water Treatment.OXONETM POTASSIUM MONOPERSULFATE
Pool & Spa, Pulp & Paper, Electronics, Mining, Water Treatment, HI&I, Denture Cleaning
Also known as KPMS or potassium peroxymonosulfate, OxoneTM is a white granular product that provides non-chlorinated oxidation in a wide variety of applications. It`s safe to use in a production facility, in the environment, and even as a key ingredient in your denture cleaner!
Most notably, the active ingredient allows for efficient non-chlorinated oxidation as a pool shock, allowing less use of sanitizer and leaves the pool clean, clear, and swimmable nearly immediately. The powerful oxidation as a microetchant in printed circuit boards improves process control in multi-step copper etching with a predictable rate to completion. KPMS is of particular interest in metal plating and mining as it safely, economically, and conveniently oxidizes cyanide in waste streams. These key benefits of rapid rate of reaction as well as non-chlorinated oxidation has allowed repulping papers with wet strength resins to move their processes to greener methods without sacrificing production time.
OXONE PS-16 Oxone PS-16 known as KPMS or potassium peroxymonosulfate. OxoneTM is a white granular product that provides non-chlorinated oxidation in a wide variety of applications such as: industrial processing, pulp and paper production, waste water treatment, industrial and household cleaning, oil and gas production, and denture cleaning.Mercedes Ruiz, Yi Yang, Christian A. Lochbaum, Daniel G. Delafield, Joseph J. Pignatello, Lingjun Li, Joel A. Pedersen. Peroxymonosulfate Oxidizes Amino Acids in Water without Activation. Environmental Science & Technology 2019.Yong Feng, Po-Heng Lee, Deli Wu, and Kaimin Shih . Rapid Selective Circumneutral Degradation of Phenolic Pollutants Using Peroxymonosulfate-Iodide Metal-Free Oxidation: Role of Iodine Atoms. Environmental Science & Technology 2017.The Beauty Of Potassium Monopersulfate
There are some who have turned to potassium monopersulfate (KMPS or MPS) as a means for shocking their pools. KMPS is a non-chlorine oxidizer, whose chemical formula is KHSO5. It is a strong oxidant with an oxidation potential of similar magnitude to that of chlorine. While it is a powerful oxidizer, there are several important points to consider about this chemical.
"KMPS is used to shock pools for a variety of reasons. Some use it to avoid using chlorine."
When chlorine is used to oxidize pool water, it reacts with bather and other organic wastes, which are primarily nitrogen based compounds, to form chloramines. These by-products have a foul odor and are considered unpleasant. KMPS also reacts with the nitrogen- based compounds introduced by bathers, but because it does not contain chlorine, does not form chloramines in its oxidation process. Actually,
oxidizes chloramines as well as urea, the active ingredient in urine, according to John Wojtowitc, water chemist. It reacts very slowly with ammonia. KMPS`s lifetime in pool water depends on the quantity of oxidizable material. All things being equal, however, it is not nearly as sensitive to sunlight as chlorine. Unstabilized chlorine is more than 90 percent decomposed within a few hours, while KMPS is about 23 percent decomposed per hour, according to Wojtowitc.
One of its greatest advantages is that bathers can reenter the water a short time after it has been added - typically about 30 minutes.
Also, it dissolves quickly, and does not fade liners. It works well with chlorine, arguably allowing chlorine to work more efficiently as a sanitizer. Using KMPS is highly recommended for indoor pools, where there is no sunlight or wind to help break down and carry away combined chlorine. For indoor pools, shocking with KMPS is recommended about once a week.Potassium peroxymonosulfate activation leads to the formation of highly reactive species, mainly the sulfate radicals. Activated potassium peroxymonosulfate (from now on peroxymonosulfate) was tested against specific pollutants such as ammonium ion, creatinine, chlorinated creatinine products, arginine and Escherichia coli (E. coli), all constituents or derivatives of human discharges. The objective was to assess whether activated peroxymonosulfate can be a viable treatment reagent in recreational water applications. It was found that organic molecules such as creatinine, chlorinated creatinine products and arginine could be effectively treated with activated peroxymonosulfate. Ammonium ion was oxidized only by chlorine species and only in de-ionized water. Chlorine species were formed from the reaction of sulfate radicals with chloride ions. In pool water, the reaction of sulfate radicals with chloride ions and the subsequent ammonium ion oxidation were scavenged by the presence of bicarbonate ions. The Co/Peroxymonosulfate system was also shown to be an effective disinfection reagent, since 99.99% (4-log) kill of E. coli was achieved in 60 min of treatment. At the concentrations tested here, however, it is still not efficacious enough to qualify as an EPA-registered sanitizer for swimming pools (requires 6-log kill of E. coli, ATCC 11229, and Enterococcus faecium, ATCC 6569, in 30s).
Potasyum peroksimonosülfat, bir oksitleyici madde olarak yaygın şekilde kullanılır. Peroksmonosülfürik asidin potasyum tuzudur. Üçlü tuz 2KHSO₅ · KHSO₄ · K₂SO₄ daha yüksek stabiliteye sahip bir formdur. Bu bileşik için standart elektrot potansiyeli, hidrojen sülfat üreten yarı bir reaksiyonla + -1.81 V`dir.ZOVIROX içerdiği potasyum peroksimonosülfat sayesinde aktif oksijeni açığa çıkartarak microorganizmaların yapısını bozar. Bakteri mycoplasma, küf ve mantarlara karşı üstün aktivitesi vardır. Toksik ve korozif etkisi yoktur. Koku ve leke bırakmaz. Çevresel atık problemi yaratmaz. İnce toz halindedir. Suda daha kolay çözünür. Solusyonu açık pembe renklidir. Konsantre, toz formda olduğu için ekonomiktir, depolamada kolaylık sağlar. İstenildiği zaman belirlenen oranda solüsyon hazırlanıp, hemen kullanılabilir. Hava dezenfeksiyonunda kullanılır.
OXONE ( OKZON )
Metatags : oxone, Potassium peroxysulfate, potasyum peroxomonosülfat, caroat , potassium monopersulfate, Cas No : 10361-76-9, potasyum perokzomonosülfat, peroxomonosülfat, virkon s
Cas No : 10361-76-9
Potassium peroxymonosulfate, potasyum peroksimonosülfat, potassium monopersulfate, Potassium peroxysulfate, peroksisülfat
Potassium peroxymonosulfate sulfate;Potassium peroxomonosulfate;potassium mono persulphate;CAS no.: 37222-66-5
Potassium peroxymonosulfate
IUPAC name: Potassium peroxysulfate;Potassium peroxymonosulfate
Other names: Caroat, Oxone, potassium monopersulfate, MPS. CAS Number: 10058-23-8; 37222-66-5 (triple salt)
Chemical formula: KHSO5
Molar mass: 152.2 g/mol (614.76 as triple salt)
Appearance: off-white powder
Solubility in water: decomposes
Main hazards: Oxidant, Corrosive
Chemical Properties
Formula: 2KHSO5.KHSO4.K2SO4
Formula Weight: 615.50
Form: Granular
Density: 1.15
Storage & Sensitivity: Hygroscopic. Ambient temperatures.
Solubility: Soluble in water (100 mg/ml).
DuPont™ Oxone® monopersulfate compound is a white, granular, freeflowing peroxygen that provides powerful non-chlorine oxidation for a wide
variety of industrial and consumer uses.
Applications
• Swimming pool shock oxidizer
• Printed wiring board microetchant
• Repulping aid for wet-strength-resin destruction
• Odor control agent in wastewater treatment
• Bleach component in denture cleanser and laundry formulations
• Activator in antimicrobial compositions
• Other uses where its combination of powerful oxidation and relative
safe handling properties are of value
The active ingredient of Oxone® is potassium peroxymonosulfate, KHSO5
(CAS 10058-23-8), commonly known as potassium monopersulfate,
which is present as a component of a triple salt with the formula
2KHSO5·KHSO4·K2SO4 potassium hydrogen peroxymonosulfate sulfate
(5:3:2:2), [CAS 70693-62-8]).
The oxidizing power of Oxone® is derived from its peracid chemistry; it is
the first neutralization salt of peroxymonosulfuric acid H2SO5 (also known
as Caro’s acid).
Standard Potential
The standard electrode potential (E°) of KHSO5 is given by the following
half cell reaction:
The thermodynamic potential is high enough for many room temperature
oxidations including:
• Halide to active halogen
• Oxidation of reduced sulfur and nitrogen compounds
• Cyanide to cyanate
• Epoxidation of olefins
• Baeyer-Villigar oxidation of ketones
• Copper metal to cupric ion
• Ferrous to ferric ion
• Manganous to manganic ion
Stability
DuPont™ Oxone® is a very stable peroxygen in the solid state
and loses less than 0.5% (relative) of its activity per month when
stored under recommended conditions. However, like all other
peroxygens, Oxone® undergoes very slow disproportionation
with the liberation of heat and oxygen gas. If a decomposition
is associated with high temperature, decomposition of the
constituent salts of Oxone® may generate sulfuric acid, sulfur
dioxide, or sulfur trioxide.
The stability is reduced by the presence of small amounts of
moisture, alkaline chemicals, chemicals that contain water of
hydration, transition metals in any form, and/or any material with
which Oxone® can react. Since the decomposition of Oxone®
is exothermic, the decomposition can self-accelerate if storage
conditions allow the product temperature to rise (see Product
Safety and Handling bulletin).
Aqueous solutions of Oxone® are relatively stable when made
up at the unmodified pH of the product (Figure 1). The stability
is adversely affected by higher pH, especially above pH 7. A
point of minimum stability exists at about pH 9, at which the
concentration of the mono-anion HSO5
- is equal to that of the
di-anion SO5
=
(Figure 2). Cobalt, nickel, and manganese are particularly strong catalysts for the decomposition of Oxone® in
solution; the degree to which catalysis occurs is dependent on
the concentrations of Oxone® and of the metal ion.
Product Description
Potassium peroxymonosulfate
CAS: [70693-62-8]
Name: Potassium peroxymonosulfate
Synonyms: Potassium peroxymonosulfate sulfate; Pentapotassium bis(peroxymonosulphate) bis(sulphate)
Molecular Formula: 2(KHSO5).KHSO4.K2SO4;H3K5O18S4
Molecular Weight: 614.76
CAS Registry Number: 70693-62-8
EINECS: 274-778-7
It is present as a component of a triple salt including potassium monopersulfate, potassium sulfate and potassium bisulfate with the formula 2KHSO5•KHSO4•K2SO4. The oxidation potential of this compound is derived from its peracid chemistry.
Potassium peroxymonosulfate can be used in swimming pools to keep the water clear, thus allowing chlorine in pools to work to sanitize the water rather than clarify the water, resulting in less chlorine needed to keep pools clean.
The compound provides powerful non-chlorine oxidation for a wide variety of industrial and consumer uses. It’s applications may be found in oral hygiene formulations, pool and spa shock and disinfections, paper recycling, printed circuit board etching, wool shrink proofing, precious metal extraction process.
Applecations.
• Disinfectants: in the pool, spa field recycled water disinfectants;
• Metal processing: printed circuit board cleaning and etching;
• Paper Regeneration: as wet strength paper re-pulping and recycled fiber additives;
• Textiles: can be used as an oxidizing agent, dyeing wool shrink-proof fabric bleach pretreatment;
• Denture cleaners, plaster additives, organic synthesis adjuvants, colorants carpet, water purifying agent;
Key Applications
Pool & Spa, Pulp & Paper, Electronics, Mining, Water Treatment, HI&I, Denture Cleaning
Product Description
Also known as KPMS or potassium peroxymonosulfate, Oxone™ is a white granular product that provides non-chlorinated oxidation in a wide variety of applications. It`s safe to use in a production facility, in the environment, and even as a key ingredient in your denture cleaner!
Most notably, the active ingredient allows for efficient non-chlorinated oxidation as a pool shock, allowing less use of sanitizer and leaves the pool clean, clear, and swimmable nearly immediately. The powerful oxidation as a microetchant in printed circuit boards improves process control in multi-step copper etching with a predictable rate to completion. KPMS is of particular interest in metal plating and mining as it safely, economically, and conveniently oxidizes cyanide in waste streams. These key benefits of rapid rate of reaction as well as non-chlorinated oxidation has allowed repulping papers with wet strength resins to move their processes to greener methods without sacrificing production time.
Oxone™ PS-16 known as KPMS or potassium peroxymonosulfate. Oxone™ is a white granular product that provides non-chlorinated oxidation in a wide variety of applications such as: industrial processing, pulp and paper production, waste water treatment, industrial and household cleaning, oil and gas production, and denture cleaning.
Potassium peroxymonosulfate (also known as MPS, KMPS, potassium monopersulfate, potassium caroate, the trade names Caroat and Oxone, and as non-chlorine shock in the pool and spa industry) is widely used as an oxidizing agent. It is the potassium salt of peroxymonosulfuric acid.
The triple salt 2KHSO5·KHSO4·K2SO4 (known by the tradename Oxone) is a form with higher stability.
The standard electrode potential for this compound is +1.81 V with a half reaction generating the hydrogen sulfate (pH=0)
MPS is a versatile oxidant.
It oxidizes aldehydes to carboxylic acids; in the presence of alcoholic solvents, the esters may be obtained.
Internal alkenes may be cleaved to two carboxylic acids (see below), while terminal alkenes may be epoxidized.
Sulfides give sulfones, tertiary amines give amine oxides, and phosphines give phosphine oxides.
Swimming Pools
Potassium peroxymonosulfate can be used in swimming pools to keep the water clear, thus allowing chlorine in pools to work to sanitize the water rather than clarify the water, resulting in less chlorine needed to keep pools clean.
One of the drawbacks of using potassium peroxymonosulfate in pools is it can cause the common DPD #3 water test for combined chlorine to read incorrectly high.
Moreover, byproducts can be formed during the peroxymonosulfate treatment, which are sometimes even more toxic than the original contaminants.
Laboratory Disinfection
Potassium peroxymonosulfate is the main active ingredient in Virkon, which is used for disinfection of laboratory equipment.
Oxone, Potassium peroxomonosulfate
The composition of the oxidizing agent Oxone is 2KHSO5.KHSO4.K2SO4.
The active component potassium monopersulfate (KHSO5, potassium peroxomonosulfate) is a salt from the Caro´s acid H2SO5.
The use of Oxone has increased rapidly. Reasons for this are the stability, the simple handling, the non-toxic nature, the versatility of the reagent and the low costs.
As long as Oxone is stored under dry and cool conditions, it loses about 1% activity per month under release of oxygen and heat. Decomposition to SO2 and SO3 takes place under the influence of heat (starting at 300°C).
Acidic, aqueous solutions of the pure reagent in distilled water are relatively stable. The stability reaches a minimum at pH 9, where the mono anion (HSO5-) has the same concentration as the dianion (SO52-). Iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, manganese and further transition metals can catalyze the decay of Oxone in solution.
The following secondary reactions should be avoided: Halides can be oxidized to halogens (e.g. chloride to chlorine), cyanides react with Oxone under release of hydrogen cyanide, "heavy" transition metals (Cu, Mn, Co, Ni) and their salts lead to the decomposition of Oxone under release of oxygen.
37222-66-5
Potassium Peroxomonosulfate
Potassium monopersulfate triple salt
PotassiumPeroxomonosulfate
DTXSID8051415
KS-00000EUF
OXONE(R), monopersulfate compound
Potassium monoperoxysulfate OXONE(R)
Potassium monopersulfate triple salt, >=47% KHSO5 basis
Treatment efficiency of potassium monopersulfate compound, a new kind of oxidation reagent, on killing algae and bacteria has been valued and the effect of influence factors, such as dosage, contact time and temperature are also discussed. The results indicated that potassium monopersulfate is appropriate for killing algae and bacteria in landscape water, dosage and contact time are the major influence factors. The contact time should be longer than 20min and the algicidal rate is higher when the temperature is above 20°C.
An acidic agent, potassium monopersulfate (PMPS), was evaluated for bactericidal and virucidal effects against Salmonella Infantis (SI), Escherichia coli, rifampicin-resistant Salmonella Infantis (SI-rif), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and avian influenza virus (AIV), in the absence or presence of organic materials. In addition, inactivation activity toward a virus on virus-spiked clothes was also examined. PMPS could inactivate SI, E. coli, and SI-rif even in the presence of organic materials under various concentrations and exposure/contact time conditions. PMPS could also inactivate NDV and AIV. In addition, PMPS could inactivate AIV on a virus-spiked rayon sheet. In conclusion, the present study showed that PMPS has good antimicrobial properties against SI, E. coli, SI-rif, NDV, and AIV when used at the optimal dosage and exposure timing. These results suggest that PMPS could be used as an alternative disinfectant for biosecurity enhancement in animal farms or hospitals.
Keywords: acidic agent, bactericidal, disinfectant, potassium monopersulfate, virucidal
Generally, foods derived from animal products, such as eggs, meat, and milk, have been implicated as vehicles of one or more of pathogens causing food-borne illness [3, 5, 6], especially Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. In Japan, hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) have been introduced at animal farms for food safety [12]. One of the key points for HACCP is the appropriate usage of disinfectants to enhance biosecurity on and around animal farms.
Normally, poultry virus diseases such as Newcastle disease (ND) and avian influenza (AI), have a strong negative economic impact on the poultry industry. The viruses of both diseases are excreted in large amounts from the respiratory and digestive systems of clinically infected birds and contaminate the environment. Hence, an important aspect of disease control consists of proper cleaning and disinfection of the farm environment, which depends upon the use of an effective disinfectant agent. Many disinfectants are commercially available, and it is important to ensure that the disinfectant being used is effective against various pathogens.
The appropriate usage of disinfectants is critical for establishing a successful sanitation program. Because not all disinfectants are effective against major pathogens, different families of disinfectants that target specific microorganisms should be considered. For instance, several bacteria and viruses are sensitive to phenols; however, most bacteria are also sensitive to quaternary ammonium, iodophors, paracetic acid, glutaraldehydes, and cresols [2, 7]. Therefore, there is no single disinfectant reported in the literature that would be efficacious against a wide spectrum of etiological agents that economically impact diseases in animal farms. Moreover, special care should be taken when applying the disinfectant as it should be safe for both animals and humans. In addition, the hardness of water, correct dilutions, duration of contact with the pathogens, and the presence of organic material should also be taken into consideration.
The aim of the present study was to evaluate efficacies of potassium monopersulfate (PMPS) against Salmonella Infantis (SI), E. coli, rifampicin-resistant Salmonella Infantis (SI-rif), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and avian influenza virus (AIV), in the absence or presence of organic materials, as well as to evaluate the inactivation activity of PMPS toward AIV on a rayon sheet for biosecurity applications in animal farms and animal hospitals.
PMPS is the potassium salt of peroxymonosulfuric acid, which is widely used as an oxidizing agent. This salt probably acts on bacteria by oxidation. It also attacks viral protein capsids, thereby releasing and inactivating the nucleic acids of viruses, thus affecting the bactericidal and virucidal efficacies under various concentrations, exposure/contact times, and organic material conditions. The results also indicated that bacteria were more sensitive than viruses to inactivation by PMPS. Several products, such as Oxone® and DupontTM, contain potassium monopersulfate for their main ingredient, as a non-chlorine shock agent; PMPS breaks the chorine–ammonia bond formed when chlorine combines with ammonia, without increasing the chlorine level of the swimming pool; hence, PMPS can be used in swimming pools to keep the water clear [14]. In addition, Virkon®-S contains PMPS at 21.41% and has been used at concentrations of 5,000–20,000 ppm for multipurpose virucidal disinfection, with the greatest numbers of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA Registration No. 71654-6)-registered claims, against pathogens affecting domestic and companion animals. However, The PMPS tablet in the present study was used at concentrations of 312.5–5,000 ppm; hence, this PMPS is confirmed for safety and toxicity towards animals and humans.
Generally, bacteria and viruses are highly resistant to disinfectants contained in bio-environmental constituents such as feces, saliva, or vomitus [4]. In addition, viruses can survive on the surfaces of materials, fomites, and food for long periods [1, 11]. Our model of evaluating virus inactivation involved utilizing rayon sheets to simulate carpets, bedding, towels, or cloths contaminated with viruses and containing organic materials. In addition, several quaternary ammonium compounds have been reported to exhibit broad-spectrum virucidal activity, including in the present study that used rayon; therefore, considering the cloth savings and its efficacy, DDAB was selected for comparison with PMPS. As shown in Table 7, 5,000, 2,500 and 1,250 ppm of PMPS could inactivate AIV, while DDAB could not inactivate this virus on rayon sheets at the recommended dose. These results suggest that PMPS can be applied as a disinfectant or a virucidal agent that can inactivate AIV in contaminated carpets, clothes, towels, or bedding, especially in animal farms or hospitals.
In conclusion, PMPS can inactivate bacteria and viruses either in the absence or presence of organic materials, and can be useful as an alternative disinfectant, especially for biosecurity enhancement aiming to control bacteria and viruses that contaminate animal farms and hospitals.
The most popular sanitizers used in pools and spas—chlorine and bromine—function both as biocides (they kill bacteria and other potentially harmful microbes) and oxidizers (they "burn up" unpleasant organic contaminants like bather wastes, dust, and pollen). In a heavily used pool, as much as 90% of the chlorine or bromine may be working to eliminate organic impurities. Periodic addition of a supplemental oxidizer—a "shock treatment"—can free up the sanitizer for its highest purpose, killing germs. A popular choice is a non-chlorine product with potassium monopersulfate as the active ingredient. (The label may also call it potassium peroxymonosulfate.)
Potassium monopersulfate is a powerful oxidizer with several attractive properties (see last section). Properly applied, it will prevent the formation of new combined chlorine by eliminating organics in the water without creating more combined chlorine. Bathers can re-enter the water after waiting a short period of time (usually one hour) to allow proper mixing and circulation. The reaction byproducts are harmless sulfate salts.
The key concept to note here is that monopersulfate products will NOT remove existing combined chlorine but only prevents the formation of new combined chlorine. It is recommended that if there is a combined chlorine level ≥ 0.2 ppm, you should shock the pool using traditional methods (i.e., 10 x the combined chlorine level = ppm of non-stabilized chlorine added all at once). After traditional shocking, then use the monopersulfate product to prevent further combined chlorine development.
Monopersulfate products are particularly useful in indoor environments where proper air exchange rates may be nonexistent. Monopersulfate does not cause odors or irritation. Caution: The standard “shock” dosage for monopersulfate is 2 lbs. per 10,000 gallons of water. Overdosing may cause a dramatic drop in pH and lower total alkalinity as the pH of monopersulfate is approximately 2.3 (acidic).
Monopersulfate is not an algaecide and does not sanitize (kill). It can also raise TDS levels dramatically.
Monopersulfate does have one major drawback when used in chlorinated pools: It can interfere with the combined chlorine reading obtained with DPD and FAS-DPD tests. Some pools even have been closed because of supposed high combined chlorine (chloramine) readings when, in fact, the high readings were the result of this test interference.
Chlorine test interferences
Commercial operators are generally required by regulatory authorities to use a DPD test to monitor chlorine. Kits for this purpose may employ liquids, tablets, a powder, or a combination of these forms, depending on the manufacturer. The test method can involve either color matching (the pink color that develops in the treated water sample is proportional to the amount of chlorine present; the reading is determined by matching the pink to a set of color standards), or counting drops (the treated water sample goes from pink to colorless upon the addition of a titrating reagent, and the number of drops used determines the amount of chlorine present). The reagent all the best-selling kits have in common is DPD #3. DPD #3 contains potassium iodide. Monopersulfate will react with the potassium iodide in DPD #3, making it seem there is a higher combined chlorine level in the water than there actually is.
Here are two typical scenarios:
In the standard color-matching DPD test, you first add DPD #1 and DPD #2 to your water sample to develop a pinkish-red color proportional to the level of free chlorine. After taking that reading, you add DPD #3 to obtain the total chlorine level. You then calculate the amount of combined chlorine by subtracting free from total chlorine.
Combined Chlorine = Total Chlorine – Free Chlorine
When monopersulfate is present in the sample, it reacts with DPD #3 in the total chlorine test, producing a dark pink/red color characteristic of a high total chlorine reading. However, monopersulfate will not react with the DPD #1 and #2 reagents used to measure free chlorine. Therefore, the combined chlorine level obtained doing the calculation above is artificially high.
In an FAS-DPD drop-count titration, you add DPD indicator powder to the water sample and it will turn pink if free chlorine is present. Next, you add FAS-DPD titrating reagent drop by drop until the sample changes from pink to colorless. You then multiply the number of drops added by an equivalence factor (stated in the test instructions) to get the free chlorine reading. Finally, you add DPD #3 reagent to the treated sample, which will turn pink if combined chlorine is present. Once again, you titrate until the sample turns colorless and multiply the drop count by the given equivalence factor to get the combined chlorine reading. If monopersulfate is present in the sample it will react with DPD #3, artificially increasing the combined chlorine reading.
Preventive measures
To obtain an accurate combined chlorine reading, commercial operators should use a test kit with reagents that can eliminate the monopersulfate interference. There are kits on the market that include a neutralizing agent for monopersulfate along with the standard chlorine test reagents, or the neutralizer can be purchased separately. You simply add the neutralizer as instructed then take the readings as you normally would.
Should you wish to measure monopersulfate concentrations, take a fresh sample and perform the chlorine tests a second time without masking the interference. The result will be the total amount of oxidizer in the water. Subtract the total chlorine reading obtained in the first test from this total oxidizer reading to find the level of monopersulfate. Note: This will give a monopersulfate reading in ppm as chlorine. To convert to ppm monopersulfate, multiply the result obtained by a factor of 5.
Monopersulfate Level = Total Oxidizer – Total Chlorine
Test strips are also available for analyzing monopersulfate itself. Be sure to check the strip manufacturer`s test instructions to determine at what concentration chlorine or bromine will interfere with the monopersulfate test.
More on monopersulfate
Since monopersulfate doesn`t contain chlorine, it won`t produce chloramines or chlorine odors and will not bleach vinyl liners. Moreover, monopersulfate dissolves quickly at normal pool temperatures without premixing, can be used day or night, and allows swimming to resume after a short waiting period for complete mixing and circulation. It is well suited for indoor use where odors from high doses of chlorine and persistent combined chlorine residuals are magnified.
Potassium peroxymonosulfate (oxidizing agent)
Product Examples
Virkon, Trifectant
Contact Time, min
10
Advantages
Broad spectrum, with activity against nonenveloped viruses and bacterial spores.
Active in the presence of moderate organic debris.
Disadvantages
Corrosive, especially with metal surfaces. Masks should be worn when mixing powdered solutions
Comments
Commonly used routine disinfectant.
Care must be taken when handling concentrated product.
Consider rinsing metal and concrete surfaces after required contact time.
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