E297 FUMARIC ACID
Fumaric acid is a food additive (E297)
Fumaric acid has a fruit-like taste and has been used as a food additive. Its E number is E297.
Fumaric acid, or E297, is a food acidulant in beverages and baking powders.
Fumaric acid is used to manufacture medicines, drinks, food, animal feed, cleansing agents, unsaturated polyester, alkyd resins, and printing inks.
Fumaric Acid results in long-lasting sourness and flavor impact when used as a food additive.
Fumaric Acid is generally used in beverages and baking pre-mixes for Tortilla breads and bakery products.
When used as a food additive, the hydrophobic nature of fumaric acid results in persistent, long-lasting sourness and flavor impact.
The versatile compound also decreases the pH with minimal added sourness in products with pHs more significant than 4.5.
Its low molecular weight gives fumaric acid more buffering capacity than other food acids at pHs near 3.
Because of its strength, less fumaric acid is required than other organic food acids, reducing costs per unit weight.
CAS Number: 110-17-8
EC / List no.: 203-743-0
CAS no.: 110-17-8
Mol. formula: C4H4O4
Chemical formula: C4H4O4
Molar mass: 116.072 g·mol−1
Appearance: White solid
Density: 1.635 g/cm3
Melting point: 287 °C (549 °F; 560 K) (decomposes)[2]
Solubility in water: 4.9 g/L at 20 °C[1]
Acidity (pKa)
pka1 = 3.03, pka2 = 4.44 (15 °C, cis isomer)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −49.11·10−6 cm3/mol
Dipole moment: non zero
Fumaric Acid E297 is added to foods as an acidity regulator and flavoring agent and may be used as a substitute for cream of tartar. Typical products include bread, fruit drinks, pie fillings, poultry, wine, jams, and jelly.
Fumaric acid (E297 or INS297) is a four-carbon dicarboxylic acid used as a food acidity regulator (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and World Health Organization, 2017).
Uses
Food
Fumaric acid has been used as a food acidulant since 1946.
Fumaric acid is approved as a food additive in the EU, USA, Australia, and New Zealand.
As a food additive, it is used as an acidity regulator and can be denoted by the E number E297.
Fumaric acid is generally used in beverages and baking powders for which requirements are placed on purity.
Fumaric acid makes wheat tortillas as a food preservative and leavening acid.
Fumaric acid is generally used as a substitute for tartaric acid and occasionally in place of citric acid, at a rate of 1 g of fumaric acid to every ~1.5 g of citric acid, to add sourness, similarly to the way malic acid is used.
As well as being a component of some artificial vinegar flavors, such as "Salt and Vinegar" flavored potato chips, it is also used as a coagulant in stove-top pudding mixes.
The European Commission Scientific Committee on Animal Nutrition, part of DG Health, found 2014 that fumaric acid is "practically non-toxic," but high doses are probably nephrotoxic after long-term use.
Medicine
Fumaric acid was developed as a medicine to treat psoriasis autoimmune condition in the 1950s in Germany as a tablet containing three esters, primarily dimethyl fumarate, and marketed as Fumaderm by Biogen Idec in Europe.
Biogen would later develop the primary ester, dimethyl fumarate, as a treatment for multiple sclerosis.
In patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, the ester dimethyl fumarate (BG-12, Biogen) significantly reduced relapse and disability progression in a phase 3 trial.
It activates the Nrf2 antioxidant response pathway, the primary cellular defense against the cytotoxic effects of oxidative stress.
Other uses
INDUSTRIES
Fumaric acid has various applications in different industries.
Here are some common uses of fumaric acid:
Food and Beverage Industry: Fumaric acid is used as a food additive, primarily as an acidulant and flavor enhancer.
Fumaric acid is often found in beverages, fruit-flavored drinks, candies, gelatin desserts, baking powders, and other food products.
Fumaric acid provides a sour taste similar to citric acid and helps preserve and enhance the flavor of food and beverages.
Cosmetics and Personal Care Products: Fumaric acid has applications in cosmetic formulations and personal care products.
Fumaric acid is applied as an ingredient in creams, lotions, and ointments, where it functions as a pH adjuster, buffering agent, and skin-conditioning agent.
Resins and Polymers: Fumaric acid produces unsaturated polyester resins (UPR) and alkyd resins.
Fumaric acid acts as a crosslinking agent and helps enhance the properties of these resins, including their strength, durability, and heat resistance.
Cleaning Products: Fumaric acid is utilized in certain cleaning products, such as detergents and dishwashing liquids.
Fumaric acid aids in removing dirt, stains, and scale deposits due to its acidic properties.
Fumaric acid is used to manufacture polyester resins, polyhydric alcohols, and as a mordant for dyes.
When fumaric acid is added to their feed, lambs produce up to 70% less methane during digestion.
Function
In foods and baked goods, it serves many functions:
Acidity control (measured by pH or, more accurately, by TTA)
Highly effective acidulant
Substitute for other acids such as citric, lactic, and tartaric1,2
Strong buffering capacity around pH 3.04
Antimicrobial/preservative activity
Chemical leavening - highly effective, with a Neutralization Value of 145
Dough machinability improver
Flavor/ taste sourness enhancer
Foam promoter in egg-white foams and a stabilizer of over-beaten egg whites
