Хлорид цинка
Хлори́д ци́нка (хло́ристый цинк, дихлори́д цинка) — химическое соединение цинка с хлором, имеющее формулу ZnCl2.
Представляет собой белые, очень гигроскопичные кристаллы.
Физические свойства
Молекулярная масса: 136,2954.
Температура плавления: 318 °C.
Температура кипения: 732 °C.
Растворимость в воде при 20 °C: 79,8 %.
Химические свойства
Концентрированные растворы имеют кислую среду, так как в результате гидролиза в воде присутствуют ионы {\displaystyle {\ce {H^+}}}{\displaystyle {\ce {H^+}}}.
Получение
растворение цинка или его оксида в соляной кислоте с последующим выпариванием раствора;
нагревание расплавленного цинка в потоке хлора.
Применение
ситцепечатание;
изготовление зубных цементов;
антисептическая пропитка дерева (например, шпал);
очистка поверхности металлов от оксидов перед пайкой (известен, как «Паяльная кислота»);
компонент при производстве фибры;
рафинирование расплавленных цинковых сплавов;
фракционный анализ угольных проб;
в гальванических элементах.
Токсичность
Хлорид цинка высокотоксичен, сильный ирритант. При попадании на кожу вызывает химические ожоги. Особенно опасно попадание в глаза.
После попадания на кожу необходимо немедленно удалить вещество с использованием мыла и большого количества воды. При попадании в глаза промыть большим количеством воды, использовать глазные капли.
Минимальная смертельная доза (ЛД50) — 200 мг/кг. Смертельная доза для человека орально — 3-5 г.
См. также
Цинк и его галогениды:
Фторид цинка
Бромид цинка
Иодид цинка
Хлориды
Общие
Хим. формула ZnCl2
Рац. формула ZnCl2
Физические свойства
Плотность 2,91 ± 0,01 г/см³[1]
Термические свойства
Температура
• плавления 554 ± 1 °F[1]
• кипения 1350 ± 1 °F[1]
Давление пара 0 ± 1 мм рт.ст.[1]
Классификация
Рег. номер CAS 7646-85-7
PubChem 5727
Рег. номер EINECS 231-592-0
SMILES
[показать]
InChI
[показать]
RTECS ZH1400000
ChEBI 49976
Номер ООН 2331
ChemSpider 5525
ÇİNKO KLORÜR, çinko klorür, çinkoklorür, çinko klorid, çinkoklorid, cinko klorür, çinko, klorür, çinko klorit, çinko klorid, çinkoklorid,çinkoklorit,çinkoklorür, cinko klorur,
zinc chloride, zinc chloride, zincchloride, zinc, chloride, Çınko, cinko, cinko klorur, cinkoklorur, cinko klorid, cinko klorit, cinkoklorid, cinkoklorit, çinko tuzu, çinkotuzu,
ÇİNKO, KLORUR, KLORÜR, KLORİD, KLORID, KLORİT, KLORID, klorıd, çinko klorıd, çinko klor,klor, klorat,chlorat,zinc chlorat
Noms français :
Chlorure de zinc; DICHLORURE DE ZINC; ZINC, CHLORURE DE; ZINC, DICHLORURE DE. Noms anglais : BUTTER OF ZINC; ZINC BUTTER; Zinc chloride; ZINC DICHLORIDE
solide d'aspect variable, hygroscopique et blanc, incolore en monocristal
Formule brute ZnCl2
Masse molaire2 136,29 ± 0,02 g/mol
Cl 52,03 %, Zn 47,98 %,
Propriétés physiques
T° fusion 290 °C1, 283 °C3
T° ébullition 732 °C1
Solubilité dans l'eau à 25 °C : très bonne,
100/100 ml eau (12,5 °C,eau)
Masse volumique 2,9 g·cm-31
Utilisation et sources d'émission: Agent de déshydratation, mordant à teinture
Le chlorure de zinc est un corps composé ionique de cation zinc et d'anion chlorure, de formule chimique ZnCl2.
Généralité sur le chlorure de zinc
Ce sel chlorure de zinc ZnCl2 est un solide blanc ou incolore, de densité 2,9. Ce corps est déliquescent extrêmement hygroscopique.
Il est très soluble dans l'eau, avec une solubilité de 432 g pour 100 g d'eau pure à 25 °C et de 615 g pour 100 g d'eau pure à 100 °C. Il l'est un peu moins dans l'éthanol,
avec une solubilité avoisinant 100 g pour 100 g d'éthanol à 12 °C. Il reste très soluble dans l'éther. Il est insoluble dans l'ammoniac liquide.
Les solutions aqueuses concentrées de chlorure de zinc ont la propriété de dissoudre l'amidon, la soie et la cellulose. Elles ne peuvent donc pas être filtrées à travers du
papier de filtration standard.
Quatre structures cristallines différentes ont été observées, mais seul la forme δ (hexagonal compact) peut apparaître lorsque le composé est pur et anhydre. S'il subit une trempe
rapide, ZnCl2 peut être obtenu sous forme vitreuse, donc amorphe.
Structure cristalline
A la température ambiante et jusqu'à 390 K, le chlorure de zinc cristallise dans le système monoclinique, groupe d'espace P21/c, avec pour paramètres de maille a = 6.54 Å, b = 11.31 Å,
c = 12.33 Å et β = 117.94° 6. A 390 K, il subit une transformation de phase vers une structure quadratique de groupe d'espace I42d, avec pour paramètres de maille a = 5.398 Å et c = 10.33
Å
Le chlorure de zinc est un sel ionique, qui possède tout de même un caractère covalent qui est mis en évidence par sa température de fusion relativement basse (275 °C) et sa
solubilité élevée dans des solvants comme l'éther. Il se comporte comme un acide de Lewis modéré, et les solutions de chlorure de zinc ont un pH voisin de 4. Lorsqu'il est chauffé
sous une forme hydratée, il s'hydrolyse pour former de l'oxychlorure de zinc.
En solution aqueuse, le chlorure de zinc est une source d'ions Zn2+ utile pour la préparation d'autres sels de zinc comme le carbonate de zinc :
ZnCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → ZnCO3(s) + 2 NaCl(aq)
Préparation et purification
Le chlorure de zinc anhydre est obtenu à partir de zinc métal et de chlorure d'hydrogène :
Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)
Les formes hydratées et le sel en solution aqueuse peuvent être préparés directement en utilisant une réaction acido-basique, par exemple à partir du minerai de sulfure de zinc :
ZnS(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2S(l)
Le chlorure de zinc commercial contient généralement de l'[eau]) et de l'oxychlorure de zinc produit par hydrolyse. Ces produits peuvent être purifiés comme suit : 100 g de ZnCl2 commercial sont chauffés à reflux dans 800 ml de dioxane anhydre en présence de poussière de zinc métallique. Le mélange est filtré à chaud (pour retirer le zinc), puis refroidi pour former un précipité blanc de chlorure de zinc pur. Les échantillons anhydres peuvent être purifiés par sublimation sous un flux de chlorure d'hydrogène, suivi par un chauffage à 400 °C sous un flux d'azote sec.
Applications
Le chlorure de zinc est l'électrolyte des piles Leclanché. Il a de nombreuses applications dans l'industrie textile, comme mordant en teinture ou en impression textile, la métallurgie comme fondant pour soudures ainsi que la synthèse chimique.
C'est aussi un désinfectant, un cautérisant et un produit d'embaumement. Il est considéré comme un corps caustique, désinfectant les plaies et fistules, par la médecine de la Belle Époque.
Le chlorure de zinc est notamment utilisé pour le soudage, du fait de sa capacité de dissoudre les oxydes métalliques lors qu'il est à l'état fondu. Cette propriété permet également de l'utiliser dans les ciments à base d'oxyde de magnésium pour les prothèses dentaires. ZnCl2 est utilisé également comme agent d'ignifugation et comme réactif d'attaque de métaux.
Le chlorure de zinc est aussi utilisé pour la galvanisation, ainsi qu'en production de batteries.
CAS Number:7646-85-7
Formül: ZnCl₂
Molar kütle: 136,286 g/mol
Yoğunluk: 2,91 g/cm³
Kaynama noktası: 732 °C
ChEBI Kimliği: 49976
Çinko klorür, ZnCl2 formülüne ve hidratlarına sahip kimyasal bileşiklerin adıdır. Dokuz kristalli formu bilinen
çinko klorürler renksiz veya beyazdır ve suda oldukça çözünürdür. ZnCl2'nin kendisi higroskopiktir ve hatta
sıvılaşır. Bu nedenle numuneler, ortam havasında bulunan su buharı dahil olmak üzere nem kaynaklarından
korunmalıdır. Çinko klorür, tekstil işlemede, metalurjik akışlarda ve kimyasal sentezde geniş uygulama alanı
bulur. Çok nadir bulunan simonkolleit minerali Zn5 (OH) 8Cl2 · H2O dışında bu kimyasal bileşime sahip hiçbir
mineral bilinmemektedir.
Çinko Klorür, klorürlerle uyumlu kullanımlar için mükemmel bir suda çözünür kristalli Çinko kaynağıdır. Klorür bileşikleri, suda kaynaştığında veya çözündüğünde elektrik iletebilir. Klorid malzemeleri elektroliz yoluyla klor gazına ve metale ayrıştırılabilir. En az bir klor anyonunun (Cl-) ilgili metale veya katyona kovalent olarak bağlandığı çeşitli klorlama işlemleriyle oluşturulurlar. Ultra yüksek saflıkta ve tescilli formülasyonlar hazırlanabilir. Klorür iyonu, metabolik sistemlerde sıvı dengesini ve pH seviyelerini kontrol eder. İnorganik veya organik bileşikler oluşturabilirler. Çinko Klorür, çoğu ciltte genellikle hemen bulunur. Yüksek saflık, mikron altı ve nano toz formları düşünülebilir. Ayrıca Çinko Klorür Çözeltisi üretiyoruz. American Elements, uygulanabilir olduğunda, Mil Spec (askeri sınıf) dahil olmak üzere birçok standart sınıfta üretim yapar; ACS, Reaktif ve Teknik Sınıf; Gıda, Tarım ve İlaç Derecesi; Optik Sınıf, USP ve EP / BP (Avrupa Farmakopesi / İngiliz Farmakopesi) ve ilgili ASTM test standartlarını takip eder. Tipik ve özel paketleme mevcuttur. İlgili ölçüm birimlerini dönüştürmek için bir Referans Hesaplayıcı olduğu gibi ek teknik, araştırma ve güvenlik (MSDS) bilgileri mevcuttur.
Susuz ZnCl2 çinko ve hidrojen klorürden hazırlanabilir:
Zn (k) + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + H2 (g)
Hidratlanmış formlar ve sulu çözeltiler, Zn metalinin hidroklorik asit ile işlenmesiyle benzer şekilde kolayca
hazırlanabilir. Çinko oksit ve çinko sülfür, HCl ile reaksiyona girer:
ZnS (k) + 2 HCl (sulu) → ZnCl2 (sulu) + H2S (g)
Diğer birçok elementten farklı olarak, çinko esasen yalnızca bir oksidasyon durumunda bulunur, 2+, bu da klorürün
saflaştırılmasını kolaylaştırır.
Ticari çinko klorür numuneleri tipik olarak su ve hidrolizden elde edilen ürünleri safsızlık olarak içerir. Bu tür
numuneler, sıcak dioksandan yeniden kristalleştirme ile saflaştırılabilir. Susuz numuneler, bir hidrojen klorür
gazı akışında süblimasyon yoluyla saflaştırılabilir, ardından süblimasyon bir kuru nitrojen gazı akışı içinde
400 ° C'ye ısıtılabilir. Son olarak, en basit yöntem çinko klorürün tiyonil klorür ile işlenmesine dayanır.
500–700 ° C'de erimiş susuz ZnCl2 çinko metali çözer ve eriyik hızlı soğumada, Raman çalışmalarının Zn2 + içerdiğini gösteren sarı bir diyamanyetik cam oluşur.
2 iyon.
Tetraklorozinkat anyonu, ZnCl2− içeren bir dizi tuz
4, biliniyor. [10] "Caulton reaktifi", V2Cl3 (thf) 6Zn2Cl6, Zn2Cl2− içeren bir tuz örneğidir
6. Cs3ZnCl5 bileşiği, tetrahedral ZnCl2 contains içerir
4 ve Cl− anyonları. [4] ZnCl4− içeren hiçbir bileşik
6 iyon karakterize edilmiştir.
Çinko klorür suda çok çözünür olsa da, çözeltilerin basitçe çözülmüş Zn2 + iyonları ve Cl− iyonları içerdiği düşünülemez, ZnClxH2O (4 − x) türleri de mevcuttur. Sulu ZnCl2 çözeltileri asidiktir: 6 M sulu çözeltinin pH değeri 1'dir. Diğer Zn2 + tuzlarının çözeltilerine göre sulu ZnCl2 çözeltilerinin asitliği, koordinasyon sayısının 6'dan düşürüldüğü dört yüzlü kloro aqua komplekslerinin oluşumundan kaynaklanır. çözülmüş su moleküllerindeki O – H bağlarının kuvvetini 4'e daha da düşürür.
OHy iyonu varlığında alkali çözeltide, çözelti içinde çeşitli çinko hidroksiklorür anyonları mevcuttur; Zn (OH) 3Cl2−, Zn (OH) 2Cl2−
2, ZnOHCl2−
3 ve Zn5 (OH) 8Cl2 · H2O (simonkolleit) çökelir.
Bir çinko klorür çözeltisinden amonyak köpürtüldüğünde, hidroksit çökelmez, bunun yerine kompleks amonyak (amminler) içeren bileşikler, Zn (NH3) 4Cl2 · H2O ve konsantrasyonda ZnCl2 (NH3) 2 üretilir. [23] İlki, Zn (NH3) 62+ iyonunu [4] içerir ve ikincisi, bozulmuş tetrahedral geometriye sahip molekülerdir. Sulu çözeltideki türler araştırılmış ve Zn (NH3) 42 + 'nin Zn ile mevcut ana tür olduğunu göstermiştir. (NH3) 3Cl + ayrıca daha düşük NH3: Zn oranında mevcuttur.
Sulu çinko klorür, ilk kez 1855'te Stanislas Sorel tarafından araştırılan amorf bir çimento oluşturmak için çinko oksit ile reaksiyona girer. Sorel daha sonra kendi adını taşıyan ilgili magnezyum oksiklorür çimentosunu araştırmaya devam etti.
Hidratlı çinko klorür ısıtıldığında, bir Zn (OH) Cl tortusu elde edilir, örn.
ZnCl2 · 2H2O → ZnCl (OH) + HCl + H2O
ZnCl2 · 1⁄2HCl · H2O bileşiği, HCl ile asitleştirilmiş bir ZnCl2 çözeltisinden dikkatlice çökeltilerek hazırlanabilir. Dengeleyici monohidratlı hidronyum iyonları, H5O2 + iyonları ile polimerik bir anyon (Zn2Cl5−) n içerir. [4
Çinko klorür hidratlar ısıtıldığında oluşan yüksek reaktif susuz HCl gazının oluşumu, kalitatif inorganik spot testlerinin temelini oluşturur.
Çinko klorürün bir akı olarak, bazen amonyum klorür ile bir karışım halinde kullanılması (ayrıca bkz. Çinko amonyum klorür), HCl üretimini ve bunun ardından yüzey oksitlerle reaksiyonunu içerir. Çinko klorür, amonyum klorür ile iki tuz oluşturur: (NH4) 2ZnCl4 ve (NH4) 3ClZnCl4, tıpkı çinko klorür hidratın yaptığı gibi, serbest bırakan HCI ısıtıldığında ayrışır. Örneğin sıcak daldırma galvanizleme işleminde çinko klorür / amonyum klorür akışlarının etkisi H2 gazı ve amonyak dumanı üretir.
Selüloz, sulu ZnCl2 çözeltilerinde çözünür ve çinko-selüloz kompleksleri tespit edilmiştir. [31] Selüloz ayrıca erimiş ZnCl2 hidratta çözünür ve selüloz polimeri üzerinde gerçekleştirilen karboksilasyon ve asetilasyon.
Bu nedenle, birçok çinko tuzunun farklı formüllere ve farklı kristal yapılara sahip olmasına rağmen, bu tuzlar sulu çözelti içinde çok benzer şekilde davranır. Örneğin, ZnCl2 polimorflarının herhangi birinden ve diğer halojenürlerden (bromür, iyodür) ve sülfattan hazırlanan çözeltiler, diğer çinko bileşiklerinin hazırlanması için sıklıkla birbirlerinin yerine kullanılabilir. Örnek, çinko karbonatın hazırlanmasıdır:
ZnCl2 (sulu) + Na2CO3 (sulu) → ZnCO3 (k) + 2 NaCl (sulu)
Başvurular
Metalurjik bir akı olarak
Çinko klorür, MZnOCl2 formülünün türevlerini vermek için metal oksitlerle (MO) reaksiyona girme kabiliyetine sahiptir. Bu reaksiyon, lehimleme için bir akı olarak ZnCl2 çözeltisinin kullanımı ile ilgilidir - oksit kaplamaları çözerek temiz metal yüzeyi açığa çıkarır. Aktif bir bileşen olarak ZnCl2 bazen "kalaycı sıvısı" olarak adlandırılır. Tipik olarak bu fluks, çinko folyonun, sıvı hidrojeni geliştirmeyi bırakana kadar seyreltik hidroklorik asit içinde çözülmesiyle hazırlandı; bu nedenle, bu tür bir akış bir zamanlar "öldürülmüş ruhlar" olarak biliniyordu. Korozif yapısı nedeniyle, bu eritken elektronik işler gibi herhangi bir kalıntının temizlenemediği durumlar için uygun değildir. Bu özellik aynı zamanda aktif bileşen olarak diş dolguları için magnezya simanlarının ve bazı ağız gargaralarının imalatında kullanılmasına yol açar.
Görünümü : Beyaz Kristal Haldedir, Hidroskopiktir.
Kimyasal Adı : Zinc Chloride
Kimyasal Formülü : ZnCl2
Özellikleri : Suda ÇOK RAHAT ÇÖZÜNÜR.
Ambalaj Şekli : 25 Kg. lık Torbalarda
Tanımı ve Kullanım Alanları :
Çinko tereyağı olarak da bilinen çinko (II) klorür, suda çok çözünen ve çoğunlukla katalizör olarak ve dezenfektan olarak organik sentezde kullanılan inorganik bir tuzdur.
Çinko klorür çoğunlukla iyonik bir bileşik olarak düşünülür ancak daha kovalent bir davranışa sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Çinko klorür, çeşitli şekillerde reaksiyona girebilir, hepsi de kovalent bileşikler tarafından gösterilen reaksiyona benzer: örneğin su molekülü ile kompleks oluşumu veya alkali çözeltinin varlığında aşağıdaki gibi kompleks türler oluşur: Zn ( OH) 3 Cl 2- , Zn (OH) 2 Cl 2- veya ZnOHCl 2- .
Çinko, dünyada yıllık kullanım miktarı açısından demir, alüminyum, ve bakırdan sonra gelir.
Kullanım Alanları
Korozyondan korunma amacıyla, çelik gibi diğer metallerin galvanize edilmesinde,
Pirinç, nikelli gümüş, değişik lehimler, alman gümüşü gibi alaşımların yapımında,
Genellikle otomotiv endüstrisinde döküm kalıplarında,
Pillerin gövdelerinin yapımında kullanılır.
Çinko oksit, sulu boyalarda beyaz pigment olarak ve lastik sanayinde aktivatör olarak kullanılır.
Reçetesiz satılabilen bazı merhemlerin bileşiminde bulunur ve ince bir tabaka halinde uygulandığında cildin su kaybetmesini önler. Yazın güneş, kışın da soğuk yanıklarına karşı koruyucudur. Bebeklerin bez bağlanan bölgelerinde çok az miktarda kullanılarak ciltte meydana gelebilecek kızarıklıklar önlenebilir.
Yaşa bağlı göz hastalıklarının tedavisinde de kullanılır.
Çinko klorür, deodorantlarda ve ahşap koruyucu olarak kullanılır.
Çinko sülfür, karanlıkta parlayan pigment olarak saatlerin akrep ve yelkovanlarında kullanılır.
Çinko metil, (Zn(CH3)2) pek çok organik maddenin sentezinde kullanılır.
Uygulama
Çinko Klorür şu durumlarda kullanılabilir:
• karbonil substratlarının asidik metilen reaktifleri ile knoevenagel yoğunlaşmasında katalizör olarak
• gözenekli karbon nanoliflerin hazırlanmasında, süperkapasitörler için verimli elektrotların üretiminde yararlıdır
• poli (propilen fumarat) hazırlanmasında katalizör olarak
• nanokristalin çinko oksit filmlerin düşük sıcaklık sentezinde
• Düşük aglomerasyona sahip çinko oksit nanopartiküllerinin sentezinde. Nanopartiküllerin sulu süspansiyonları, görünür ışık aralığında yüksek geçirgenlik gösterdi, ancak UV aralığında güçlü emilim sergiledi.
Çinko Klorür ürününe dayalı kimyasal ürün dağıtımı
Tanım
Bilgi yok
Görünüm
Kristal beyaz toz.
Çözünürlük
Çinko Klorür tamamen suda çözünür bir maddedir.
Kullanımları
Çinko klorür organik sentez, kaynak ve su arıtımında katalizör olarak kullanılır.
Sınıflandırma
Çinko klorür yutulduğunda zararlıdır; Ciddi kutanöz, oküler ve solunum yolu yaralanmalarına neden olabilir ve uzun süreli etkilerle sudaki yaşam için çok toksiktir. Güvenlik bilgi formunu isteyin ve 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15 numaralı noktalara bakın. Uygulamaya bağlı olarak istek üzerine diğer teknik özellikler sağlanır.
Emniyet
Request safety data sheet (SDS) and refer to points 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 15.
Belirtmeler
Çinko Klorür çeşitli yoğunluklarda normal olarak mevcuttur ve orijinal ambalajında ve güvenlik bilgi formuna (SDS) belirtilen koşullar altında depolanmaktadır.
Eşanlamlılar
Çinko klorür,anhidrit çinko klorür
Görünümü : Beyaz Kristal Haldedir, Higroskopiktir.
Kimyasal Adı : Zinc Chloride
Kimyasal Formülü : ZnCl2
Özellikleri : Suda ÇOK RAHAT ÇÖZÜNÜR.
Ambalaj Şekli : 25 Kg. lık Torbalarda
7646-85-7
Zinc chloride is the name of chemical compounds with the formula ZnCl2 and its hydrates. Zinc chlorides, of which nine crystalline forms are known, are colorless or white, and are
highly soluble in water. ZnCl2 itself is hygroscopic and even deliquescent. Samples should therefore be protected from sources of moisture, including the water
vapor present in ambient air. Zinc chloride finds wide application in textile processing, metallurgical fluxes, and chemical synthesis. No mineral with this chemical composition
is known aside from the very rare mineral simonkolleite, Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O.
IUPAC name : Zinc chloride
Other names :
Zinc(II) chloride
Zinc dichloride
Butter of zinc
Anhydrous ZnCl2 can be prepared from zinc and hydrogen chloride:
Zn(s) + 2 HCl → ZnCl2 + H2(g)
Hydrated forms and aqueous solutions may be readily prepared similarly by treating Zn metal with hydrochloric acid. Zinc oxide and zinc sulfide react with HCl:
ZnS(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → ZnCl2(aq) + H2S(g)
Unlike many other elements, zinc essentially exists in only one oxidation state, 2+, which simplifies purification of the chloride.
Commercial samples of zinc chloride typically contain water and products from hydrolysis as impurities. Such samples may be purified by recrystallization from hot dioxane.
Anhydrous samples can be purified by sublimation in a stream of hydrogen chloride gas, followed by heating the sublimate to 400 °C in a stream of dry nitrogen gas. Finally, the
simplest method relies on treating the zinc chloride with thionyl chloride.
Reactions
Molten anhydrous ZnCl2 at 500–700 °C dissolves zinc metal, and, on rapid cooling of the melt, a yellow diamagnetic glass is formed, which Raman studies indicate contains the Zn2+
2 ion.
A number of salts containing the tetrachlorozincate anion, ZnCl2−4, are known. "Caulton's reagent", V2Cl3(thf)6Zn2Cl6 is an example of a salt containing Zn2Cl2−6. The compound
Cs3ZnCl5 contains tetrahedral ZnCl2−4 and Cl− anions.No compounds containing the ZnCl4−6 ion have been characterized.
Whilst zinc chloride is very soluble in water, solutions cannot be considered to contain simply solvated Zn2+ ions and Cl− ions, ZnClxH2O(4−x) species are also present.
Aqueous solutions of ZnCl2 are acidic: a 6 M aqueous solution has a pH of 1.[14] The acidity of aqueous ZnCl2 solutions relative to solutions of other Zn2+ salts is due to the
formation of the tetrahedral chloro aqua complexes where the reduction in coordination number from 6 to 4 further reduces the strength of the O–H bonds in the solvated water molecules.
In alkali solution in the presence of OH− ion various zinc hydroxychloride anions are present in solution, e.g. Zn(OH)3Cl2−, Zn(OH)2Cl2−2, ZnOHCl2−3, and Zn5(OH)8Cl2·H2O (simonkolleite) precipitates.[22]
When ammonia is bubbled through a solution of zinc chloride, the hydroxide does not precipitate, instead compounds containing complexed ammonia (ammines) are produced, Zn(NH3)4Cl2·H2O
and on concentration ZnCl2(NH3)2.[23] The former contains the Zn(NH3)62+ ion [4], and the latter is molecular with a distorted tetrahedral geometry.[24] The species in aqueous solution
have been investigated and show that Zn(NH3)42+ is the main species present with Zn(NH3)3Cl+ also present at lower NH3:Zn ratio.
Aqueous zinc chloride reacts with zinc oxide to form an amorphous cement that was first investigated in the 1855 by Stanislas Sorel. Sorel later went on to investigate the related
magnesium oxychloride cement, which bears his name.When hydrated zinc chloride is heated, one obtains a residue of Zn(OH)Cl e.g.
ZnCl2·2H2O → ZnCl(OH) + HCl + H2O
The compound ZnCl2·1⁄2HCl·H2O may be prepared by careful precipitation from a solution of ZnCl2 acidified with HCl. It contains a polymeric anion (Zn2Cl5−)n with balancing monohydrated
hydronium ions, H5O2+ ions.The formation of highly reactive anhydrous HCl gas formed when zinc chloride hydrates are heated is the basis of qualitative inorganic spot tests.
The use of zinc chloride as a flux, sometimes in a mixture with ammonium chloride (see also Zinc ammonium chloride), involves the production of HCl and its subsequent reaction with
surface oxides. Zinc chloride forms two salts with ammonium chloride: (NH4)2ZnCl4 and (NH4)3ClZnCl4, which decompose on heating liberating HCl, just as zinc chloride hydrate does.
The action of zinc chloride/ammonium chloride fluxes, for example, in the hot-dip galvanizing process produces H2 gas and ammonia fumes.
Cellulose dissolves in aqueous solutions of ZnCl2, and zinc-cellulose complexes have been detected.Cellulose also dissolves in molten ZnCl2 hydrate and carboxylation and acetylation
performed on the cellulose polymer.
Thus, although many zinc salts have different formulas and different crystal structures, these salts behave very similarly in aqueous solution. For example, solutions prepared from any
of the polymorphs of ZnCl2, as well as other halides (bromide, iodide), and the sulfate can often be used interchangeably for the preparation of other zinc compounds. Illustrative is
the preparation of zinc carbonate:
ZnCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) → ZnCO3(s) + 2 NaCl(aq)
Applications
As a metallurgical flux
Zinc chloride has the ability to react with metal oxides (MO) to give derivatives of the formula MZnOCl2.[additional citation(s) needed] This reaction is relevant to the utility of
ZnCl2 solution as a flux for soldering — it dissolves oxide coatings, exposing the clean metal surface.[33] Fluxes with ZnCl2 as an active ingredient are sometimes called
"tinner's fluid". Typically this flux was prepared by dissolving zinc foil in dilute hydrochloric acid until the liquid ceased to evolve hydrogen; for this reason, such flux was
once known as "killed spirits". Because of its corrosive nature, this flux is not suitable for situations where any residue cannot be cleaned away, such as electronic work.
This property also leads to its use in the manufacture of magnesia cements for dental fillings and certain mouthwashes as an active ingredient.
In organic synthesis
An early use of zinc chloride (Silzic) was in building carbon skeletons by condensation of methanol molecules. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are the major products, with reaction conditions
influencing the distribution of products, though some aromatic compounds were formed.[34] In 1880, it was found that molten zinc chloride catalyses an aromatization reaction generating
hexamethylbenzene. At the melting point of ZnCl2 (283 °C), the reaction has a ΔG = −1090 kJ/mol and can be idealised as
15 CH3OH → C6(CH3)6 + 3 CH4 + 15 H2O
The discoverers of this reaction rationalized it as involving condensation of methylene units followed by complete Friedel-Crafts methylation of the resulting benzene ring with
chloromethane generated in situ.Such an alkylation transformation is an application of zinc chloride's moderate strength as a Lewis acid, which is its principal role in
laboratory synthesis. Other examples include catalyzing (A) the Fischer indole synthesis,and also (B) Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions involving activated aromatic rings.
Related to the latter is the classical preparation of the dye fluorescein from phthalic anhydride and resorcinol, which involves a Friedel-Crafts acylation.
This transformation has in fact been accomplished using even the hydrated ZnCl2 sample shown.
Hydrochloric acid alone reacts poorly with primary alcohols and secondary alcohols, but a combination of HCl with ZnCl2 (known together as the "Lucas reagent") is effective for
the preparation of alkyl chlorides. Typical reactions are conducted at 130 °C. This reaction probably proceeds via an SN2 mechanism with primary alcohols but SN1 pathway with
secondary alcohols.
Zinc chloride also activates benzylic and allylic halides towards substitution by weak nucleophiles such as alkenes:In similar fashion, ZnCl2 promotes selective NaBH3CN reduction of tertiary, allylic or benzylic halides to the corresponding hydrocarbons.
Zinc chloride is also a useful starting reagent for the synthesis of many organozinc reagents, such as those used in the palladium catalyzed Negishi coupling with aryl halides or vinyl
halides.In such cases the organozinc compound is usually prepared by transmetallation from an organolithium or a Grignard reagent, for example:Zinc enolates, prepared from alkali metal
enolates and ZnCl2, provide control of stereochemistry in aldol condensation reactions due to chelation on to the zinc. In the example shown below, the threo product was favored over
the erythro by a factor of 5:1 when ZnCl2 in DME/ether was used.The chelate is more stable when the bulky phenyl group is pseudo-equatorial rather than pseudo-axial, i.e., threo
rather than erythro.
In textile and paper processing
Concentrated aqueous solutions of zinc chloride (more than 64% weight/weight zinc chloride in water) have the interesting property of dissolving starch, silk, and cellulose.
Thus, such solutions cannot be filtered through standard filter papers. Relevant to its affinity for these materials, ZnCl2 is used as a fireproofing agent and in fabric "refresheners"
such as Febreze. Vulcanized fibre is made by soaking paper in concentrated zinc chloride.
Smoke grenades
The zinc chloride smoke mixture ("HC") used in smoke grenades contains zinc oxide, hexachloroethane and granular aluminium powder, which, when ignited, react to form zinc
chloride, carbon and aluminium oxide smoke, an effective smoke screen.
Fingerprint detection
Ninhydrin reacts with amino acids and amines to form a colored compound "Ruhemann's purple" (RP). Spraying with a zinc chloride solution forms a 1:1 complex RP:ZnCl(H2O)2, which is
more readily detected as it fluoresces better than Ruhemann's purple.
Disinfectant
Historically, a dilute aqueous solution of zinc chloride was used as a disinfectant under the name "Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid". [45] It is also used in some commercial brands of
antiseptic mouthwash.
Skin cancer treatment
Zinc chloride has been used in alternative medicine to cause eschars, scabs of dead tissue, in an attempt to cure skin cancers.[46] Various products, such as Cansema or "black salve",
containing zinc chloride and sold as cancer cures have been listed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as fake [47] with warning letters being sent to suppliers.
Numerous reports in medical literature describe serious scarring and damage to normal skin by escharotic substances. Given these side-effects, its use in treatment is not warranted as there are much safer and more effective alternatives, such as radiation therapy and Mohs surgery.[49][50]
Safety
Zinc chloride is a skin irritant. After contact of the skin, immediate removal is necessary using soap and plenty of water. After contact of the eyes, adequate measures are rinsing with plenty of water or other eye rinse and contacting an ophthalmologist as soon as possible.[51]
Zinc chloride is caustic to the gastrointestinal tract, occasionally leading to hematemesis. Symptoms of acute intoxication are gastrointestinal distress, diarrhea, nausea, and abdominal pain. Vomiting occurs almost universally. The lethal dose in humans is 3–5 g.[citation needed] Decontamination of the gastrointestinal tract after oral uptake of zinc compounds is mostly unnecessary, since patients usually vomit sufficiently. Milk may be administered to decrease absorption of the metal. Zinc levels may be normalized with EDTA salts.[51]
Zinc chloride is extremely detrimental to the lungs, and pulmonary exposure to zinc chloride smoke has previously resulted in fatalities.Inhalation of fumes of zinc, zinc oxide, or zinc
chloride leads to pulmonary edema and metal fume fever. Onset occurs within 4–6 h and may be delayed up to 8 h. Symptoms include rapid breathing, dyspnea, cough, fever, shivering,
sweating, chest and leg pain, myalgias, fatigue, metallic taste, salivation, thirst, and leukocytosis, which can last from 24 to 48 h. In cases of fume inhalation, cortisone preparations
should be applied immediately (e.g., by inhalation of Auxiloson) to avoid development of lung edema.
zinc chloride
Zinc dichloride
Butter of zinc
Zinc(II) chloride
Zinc butter
Zinc chloride (ZnCl2)
Zinkchloride
Zintrace
Zinc chloride fume
Zine dichloride
Zinc chloride, (solution)
Zinc (chlorure de)
Zinco (cloruro di)
Zinkchlorid [German]
Zinkchloride [Dutch]
Caswell No. 910
Zinc chloride, solution
MFCD00011295
Chlorure de zinc [French]
Zinc (chlorure de) [French]
CCRIS 3509
Zinco (cloruro di) [Italian]
HSDB 1050
EINECS 231-592-0
UN1840
UN2331
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 087801
NSC 529648
AI3-04470
Zinc Chloride Solution Anhydrous
Zinc chloride, 98+%, extra pure
Zinc chloride, 97+%, ACS reagent
Zinc chloride, 98.5%, for analysis
Zinc chloride, 0.7M solution in THF, AcroSeal(R)
Zinc chloride, 2M solution in 2-MeTHF, AcroSeal(R)
Zinc chloride, 99.99%, (trace metal basis), anhydrous
Zinc chloride, 99.99%, (trace metal basis), extra pure
Zinc chloride, 1.0M solution in diethyl ether, AcroSeal(R)
Zinc chloride 0.1 M solution
Zinc chloride (TN)
Zinc muriate, solution
Zinc chloride [USP:JAN]
DSSTox_CID_15013
DSSTox_RID_79237
WLN: ZN G2
Zinc chloride [USAN:JAN]
DSSTox_GSID_35013
Zinc chloride (JP17/USP)
Zinc chloride, LR, >=97%
Zinc chloride, p.a., 97.0%
Zinc chloride in plastic container
Tox21_301492
Zinc chloride, for molecular biology
AKOS016017250
Zinc chloride, ACS reagent, >=97%
LS-3229
NSC-529648
Zinc chloride, reagent grade, >=98%
Zinc chloride solution, 0.5 M in THF
NCGC00255612-01
BP-12589
CAS-7646-85-7
FT-0645122
Zinc chloride, 99.999% trace metals basis
Zinc chloride, SAJ first grade, >=95.0%
Zinc chloride, JIS special grade, >=98.0%
D02058
EC 231-592-0
Zinc chloride solution, 1.0 M in diethyl ether
Zinc chloride, anhydrous [UN2331] [Corrosive]
Zinc chloride, solution [UN1840] [Corrosive]
Zinc chloride, solution [UN1840] [Corrosive]
Q204714
Zinc chloride, anhydrous [UN2331] [Corrosive]
BRD-K46586998-001-01-1
Zinc chloride solution, 1.9 M in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran
Zinc chloride, BioReagent, for molecular biology, >=97.0%
Zinc chloride, anhydrous, powder, >=99.995% trace metals basis
Zinc chloride, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), ACS reagent, >=97%
Zinc chloride, anhydrous, beads, amorphous, -10 mesh, 99.99% trace metals basis
Zinc chloride, anhydrous, beads, amorphous, -10 mesh, 99.999% trace metals basis
Zinc chloride, anhydrous, free-flowing, Redi-Dri(TM), reagent grade, >=98%
Zinc chloride, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. ISO, reag. Ph. Eur., >=98%
Zinc chloride, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, 98-100.5%
Zinc atomic spectroscopy standard concentrate 1.00 g Zn, 1.00 g/L, for 1L standard solution, analytical standard
Properties
vapor pressure 1 mmHg ( 428 °C)
assay ≥98%
mp 293 °C (lit.)
General description
Electrodeposition of zinc on glassy carbon and nickel substrates in zinc chloride-1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride molten salt is studied.[4]
Application
Zinc Chloride may be used:
• as catalyst in knoevenagel condensation of carbonyl substrates with acidic methylene reagents[3]
• in the preparation of porous carbon nanofibers, useful in the fabrication of efficient electrodes for supercapacitors[5]
• as a catalyst in preparation of poly(propylene fumarate)[6]
• in the low temperature synthesis of nanocrystalline zinc oxide films[1]
• in the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles with low agglomeration. Aqueous suspensions of the nanoparticles displayed high transmittance in the visible light range, but exhibited strong absorption in the UV range.[2]
Compounds
In chemical compounds, zinc exhibits almost exclusively a +2 oxidation state. A few compounds of zinc in the +1 state have been reported, but never any compounds of zinc in the +3 state or higher.
Zinc chloride is a chemical compound whose formula is ZnCl2, with a molecular weight of 136.3 g / mol. This product is hygroscopic and deliquescent and therefore must be protected from moisture, even that contained in the atmosphere.
Applications:
One of the main applications of zinc chloride is to act as an electrolyte in dry batteries (zinc-carbon). Zinc chloride has the ability to attack the metal oxides, this property allowing its use as flux in the weld metal, dissolving the oxide layers, and leaving the metal surface clean. Zinc chloride is used in various fields such as water treatment, as a fireproofing agent in textile processing and in the manufacture of bactericides, fungicides and stabilizers for plastics.
This product can be manufactured in liquid form at any concentration up to 65% in solid form as a dry powder. The anhydrous material is packed in polyethylene valve bags of 25 or 50 Kgs, in big bags of 1.000 Kgs and in metal drums of 250 Kgs. The liquid material can be delivered in tankers or IBC'S of 1.000 lts. All the packaging we use is UN approved.
Zinc Chloride is an excellent water soluble crystalline Zinc source for uses compatible with chlorides. Chloride compounds can conduct electricity when fused or dissolved in water. Chloride materials can be decomposed by electrolysis to chlorine gas and the metal. They are formed through various chlorination processes whereby at least one chlorine anion (Cl-) is covalently bonded to the relevant metal or cation. Ultra high purity and proprietary formulations can be prepared. The chloride ion controls fluid equilibrium and pH levels in metabolic systems. They can form either inorganic or organic compounds. Zinc Chloride is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. We also produce Zinc Chloride Solution. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available.
Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for
converting relevant units of measurement.
Butter of zinc
Zinc (chlorure de)
Zinc butter
Zinc chloride
EC Inventory, Ataman Kimya, Pre-Registration process, Other, EU. Cosmetics Regulation, Annex III, Restricted Substances, EU. Worker Protection-Hazardous (98/24), EU. Dangerous Substances - Eco-Labels, EU. Workplace Signs, EU. Hazardous Waste Properties: Annex III (2008/98/EC), EU. Young People at Work (94/33)
Zinc chloride (ZnCl2)
Zinc chloride in plastic container
ZINC CHLORIDE SOLUTION
EU. ADN Dangerous Goods Lists, Directive 2008/68/EC, EU. ADR Dangerous Goods Lists, Directive 2008/68/EC, EU. RID Dangerous Goods Lists, Directive 2008/68/EC
Zinc chloride, (solution)
ZINC CHLORIDE, ANHYDROUS
EU. ADN Dangerous Goods Lists, Directive 2008/68/EC, EU. ADR Dangerous Goods Lists, Directive 2008/68/EC, EU. RID Dangerous Goods Lists, Directive 2008/68/EC
Zinc dichloride
Zinc(II) chloride
Zinco (cloruro di)
Zine dichloride
Zintrace
Other
chlorek cynku(II) (pl)
chlorid zinečnatý (cs)
chlorid zinočnatý (sk)
chlorure de zinc (fr)
cink-klorid (hu)
cinka hlorīds (lv)
cinko chloridas (lt)
cinkov klorid (hr)
cloreto de zinco (pt)
clorura de zinc (ro)
cloruro de cinc (es)
cloruro di zinco (it)
dichlorek cynku (pl)
sinkkikloridi (fi)
sinkklorid (no)
Tsinkkloriid (et)
zinkchlorid (da)
Ataman Kimya
zinkchloride (nl)
Ataman Kimya
zinkklorid (sv)
Ataman Kimya
χλωρίδιο του ψευδαργύρου (el)
Ataman Kimya
цинков хлорид (bg)
Ataman Kimya
Dichlorozinc
Ataman Kimya, Other
nc chloride
Ataman Kimya
zinc cloride
Zinc oxide
Ataman Kimya
zinc(2+) dichloride
Other
zinc(2+) ion dichloride
zinc-chloride-
Ataman Kimya
Hegaflux AS
Zinc (II) Chloride
Zinkchlorid, freilaufend
Zinc dichloride, Zinc(II) chloride, Dichlorozinc, Zinc Butter, cas 21351-91-7 (zinc chloride hydrate / hydrated)
Butter of zinc
Other
Zinc (chlorure de)
Other
Zinc butter
Other
Zinc chloride
EC Inventory, Ataman Kimya, Pre-Registration process, Other, EU. Cosmetics Regulation, Annex III, Restricted Substances, EU. Worker Protection-Hazardous (98/24), EU. Dangerous Substances - Eco-Labels, EU. Workplace Signs, EU. Hazardous Waste Properties: Annex III (2008/98/EC), EU. Young People at Work (94/33)
Zinc chloride (ZnCl2)
Other
Zinc chloride in plastic container
Other
ZINC CHLORIDE SOLUTION
EU. ADN Dangerous Goods Lists, Directive 2008/68/EC, EU. ADR Dangerous Goods Lists, Directive 2008/68/EC, EU. RID Dangerous Goods Lists, Directive 2008/68/EC
Zinc chloride, (solution)
Other
ZINC CHLORIDE, ANHYDROUS
EU. ADN Dangerous Goods Lists, Directive 2008/68/EC, EU. ADR Dangerous Goods Lists, Directive 2008/68/EC, EU. RID Dangerous Goods Lists, Directive 2008/68/EC
Zinc dichloride
Other
Zinc(II) chloride
Other
Zinco (cloruro di)
Other
Zine dichloride
Other
Zintrace
Other
Translated names
chlorek cynku(II) (pl)
Ataman Kimya
chlorid zinečnatý (cs)
Ataman Kimya
chlorid zinočnatý (sk)
Ataman Kimya
chlorure de zinc (fr)
Ataman Kimya
cink-klorid (hu)
Ataman Kimya
cinka hlorīds (lv)
Ataman Kimya
cinko chloridas (lt)
Ataman Kimya
cinkov klorid (hr)
Ataman Kimya
cloreto de zinco (pt)
Ataman Kimya
clorura de zinc (ro)
Ataman Kimya
cloruro de cinc (es)
Ataman Kimya
cloruro di zinco (it)
Ataman Kimya
dichlorek cynku (pl)
Ataman Kimya
sinkkikloridi (fi)
sinkklorid (no)
Tsinkkloriid (et)
zinkchlorid (da)
zinkchloride (nl)
zinkklorid (sv)
χλωρίδιο του ψευδαργύρου (el)
цинков хлорид (bg)
IUPAC names
Dichlorozinc
nc chloride
zinc cloride
Zinc oxide
zinc(2+) dichloride
zinc(2+) ion dichloride
zinc-chloride-
Hegaflux AS
Zinc (II) Chloride
Zinc chloride [Wiki]
231-592-0 [EINECS]
7646-85-7 [RN]
86Q357L16B
Additive Screening Solution 29/Kit-No 78374
dichlorozinc
Dichlorure de zinc [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
MFCD00011295 [MDL number]
ZH1400000
ZINC CHLORIDE ZN-65
Zinc dichloride [ACD/IUPAC Name]
zinc(II) chloride
zinc(ii) dichloride
Zinkchlorid [German]
Zinkdichlorid [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
[7646-85-7]
21351-91-7 [RN]
24359-56-6 [RN]
53917-99-0 [RN]
99.95% (metals basis)
ACS, 97%
butter of zinc
C016837
chlorure de zinc
Chlorure de zinc [French]
EINECS 231-592-0
Galvanizers Flux
hexite
https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=CHEBI:49976
Hydrochloric acid zinc salt (2:1)
Tinning flux
UN 1840
UN 2331
UNII:86Q357L16B
UNII-86Q357L16B
WLN: ZN G2
Zinc (chlorure de)
Zinc (chlorure de) [French]
zinc (II) chloride
zinc and dichloride
Zinc atomic spectroscopy standard concentrate 1.00 g Zn
Zinc butter
Zinc chloride (99.99%-Zn) PURATREM
Zinc chloride (JP15/USP) [USP]
Zinc chloride (TN)
Zinc Chloride ACS USP
Zinc Chloride Solution 50%
Zinc chloride, 0.5M solution in THF
Zinc chloride, 0.7M solution in THF
Zinc chloride, 1.9M in 2-MeTHF
Zinc chloride, 1M in diethyl ether
Zinc chloride, 25mM aqueous solution
Zinc Chloride, ACS grade -10 mesh
Zinc chloride, anhydrous [UN2331] [Corrosive]
Zinc chloride, anhydrous, USP grade
Zinc chloride, ultra dry
ZINC CHLORIDE|DICHLOROZINC
Zinc dichloride fume
Zinc muriate
Zinc standard concentrate 10.00 g Zn
zinc(2+) chloride
ZINC(2+) DICHLORIDE
zinc(ii)chloride
Zincchloride
Zinco
Zinco (cloruro di)
Zinco (cloruro di) [Italian]
Zinctrace
Zine dichloride
Zinkchlorid
Zinkchlorid [German]
Zinkchloride
Zinkchloride [Dutch]
Zintrace
氯化锌 [Chinese]
USES
Dry Cell or Batteries: Zinc Chloride is commonly used in dry cell batteries as an electrolyte where it also acts as a moisture absorbent and corrosion inhibitor. ZnCl2 is an excellent water soluble Zinc source for uses compatible with chlorides. Chloride compounds can conduct electricity when fused or dissolved in water. Chloride materials can be decomposed by electrolysis to chlorine gas and the metal. They are formed through various chlorination processes whereby at least one chlorine anion (Cl-) is covalently bonded to the relevant metal or cation. the item is generally immediately available in most volumes and high purity.
A zinc chloride battery is a heavy duty variation of a zinc carbon battery. It is used in applications that require moderate to heavy current drains. Zinc chloride batteries have better voltage discharge per time characteristics and better low temperature performance than carbon zinc batteries. They batteries are used in radios, flashlights, lanterns, fluorescent lanterns, motor driven devices, portable audio equipments, communications equipments, electronic games, calculators, and remote control transmitters.
Electroplating : Today, there are three primary types of acid zinc plating baths: straight ammonium chloride, straight potassium chloride and mixed ammonium chloride/potassium chloride. Acid zinc plating systems have several advantages over alkaline cyanide and alkaline non-cyanide zinc plating systems except that in acid zinc plating, the electrolyte is extremely corrosive.
Ammonium chloride zinc plating. The ammonium chloride bath is the most forgiving of the three major types of acid zinc plating because of its wide operating parameters. The primary drawback of this system is the high level of ammonia, which can cause problems in wastewater treatment. Ammonia acts as a chelator, and if the rinse waters are not segregated from other waste streams, removal of metals to acceptable levels using standard water treatment practices can be difficult and expensive. Ammonia is also regulated in many communities.
Potassium chloride zinc plating. Potassium chloride zinc plating solutions are attractive because they contain no ammonia. The disadvantages of this system are a greater tendency to burn on extreme edges and higher operating costs. The potassium bath also requires the use of relatively expensive boric acid to buffer the solution and prevent burning in the high-current-density areas, functions performed by the ammonium chloride in the other systems.
Mixed ammonium chloride/potassium chloride zinc plating. This bath combines the best of the ammonia and ammonia-free baths. Because potassium chloride is less expensive than ammonium chloride, the maintenance costs of the mixed bath are lower than the ammonia bath, and it does not require boric acid. The ammonia levels in the rinse waters are low enough that it does not significantly interfere with wastewater treatment, even if plating nickel and copper in the same plant with mixed waste streams. If local regulations restrict the level of ammonia discharged, special waste treatment equipment will be required, and the non-ammonia bath is most likely the best choice.
Galvanizing, Soldering and Tinning Fluxes: Zinc Chloride is used in fluxes for galvanizing, soldering and tinning. Its ability to remove oxides and salts from metal surfaces insures good metal to metal bonding. It has the ability to attack metal oxides (MO) to give derivatives of the formula MZnOCl2. This reaction is relevant to the utility of ZnCl2 as a flux for soldering - it dissolves oxide coatings exposing the clean metal surface. Typically this flux was prepared by dissolving zinc foil in dilute hydrochloric acid until the liquid ceased to evolve hydrogen; for this reason, such flux was once known as killed spirits or "Marela".
Agriculture: It is very rarely used in agriculture. It may be reacted with chelating agents to form solutions of zinc that are biologically available to plants and animals. It's the Chelate manufacturing that consumes Zinc Chloride.
Petroleum: It is an excellent emulsion breaker and is used to separate oil from water. It is also an effective packer fluid in oil and gas wells due to its high specific gravity. However its a little more costly than the other low specific gravity fluids used in the process.
Water Treatment: It is used in specialty corrosion inhibitors in cooling towers, potable water, and in gas and oil wells.
Resins: It is used in Ion - Exchange resins production.
Paints: It is used in for the production of lithopone and as pigment for zinc chromate.
Rubber: It is used as accelerator in the vulcanizing process of rubber.
Glue, wood working: It is used in for the preservation of glue, and for the impregnation of timber.
Printing: It is used in off-set in the chemical products.
Odor Control: It reacts with sulfide to minimize release of H2S gas in waste treatment facilities.
Oil-Gas Wells: High-density solutions of zinc chloride and calcium chloride give good performance in well completion and work-over operations; the solutions also used as packer
fluids under certain well conditions. Zinc chloride has been used in specialty corrosion inhibitors and invert emulsion breakers.
Vulcanized Fiber & Reclaimed Rubber: Water-leaf paper is gelatinized with zinc chloride solution is lesstacky, drier and less moisture-absorbent than caustic reclaimed rubber.
The zinc chloride not only dissolves the cellulosic fibers in the scrap, but also catalyzes depolymerization of the elastomer. Similar method is used for Rubber reclaimed from
natural, styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), and mixed scrap
Animal drug: Zinc Chloride is used for the production of zinc bacitracin.
Herbicide: Zinc Chloride is used as an herbicide. It is used to control lichen and moss growing on the roofs of houses and other domestic dwellings, along walks, driveways, fences,
and wherever moss grows
Chemical: Zinc Chloride is used in the production of ethyl acetate. It is used as condensing agent for the production of organic dye-stuff. It is used as a stabilizing agent for
diazonium compounds. It is used for the production of active carbon. Zinc Chloride is used for Friedel Craft Reaction, Azotropic or Azeotropic Distillation, Desiccation. Zinc laurate,
linoleate Stearate or resinate can be formed from zinc chloride solutions and solutions of the corresponding sodium salt. Zinc chloride is a Lewis acid and therefore electrophilic in
character. Its catalytic activity is milder than that of aluminum chloride in, for example, Friedel-Crafts type reactions. Zinc chloride is particularly effective in catalyzing reactions
that eliminate molecules of water, ammonia or mercaptans. Its solutions gelatinize cellulosic materials and induce crosslinking in such polymer formers as the methylol ureas. It absorbs
readily on charcoal or silica for catalyzing acylations and alkylations by Friedel-Crafts synthesis. In esterifications and condensation reactions, it facilitates the elimination of
water or ammonia molecules from the reactants. One example is the Fischer idole synthesis.
Miscellaneous:
Zinc Chloride has been used as a catalyst in production of methylene chloride from methyl alcohol.
In the textile industry it has found use in resin systems to impart durable press to cotton and synthetic fabrics.
It has been used in reclaiming rubber where it dissolves rayon cord.
In conjunction with sodium dichromate it has made an excellent wood preservative.
Zinc Chloride has found use in the manufacture of glue, diazo dyes, paper, cosmetics, rayon, synthetic fibers, disinfectants and fire fighting foam.
In ore refining it has been used as a flotation agent.
It is an excellent source of zinc as a starting material in the production of other zinc chemicals and is an effective catalyst for removing molecules of water, ammonia or mercaptants.
Zinc Chloride is used for Friedel Craft Reaction, Azotropic or Azeotropic Distillation, Desiccation & Karl Fischer.
In the laboratory, zinc chloride finds wide use, principally as a moderate-strength Lewis acid. It can catalyze the Fischer indole synthesis and also Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions
involving activated aromatic rings.
Related to the latter is the classical preparation of the dye fluorescein from phthalic anhydride and resorcinol, which involves a Friedel-Crafts acylation.
Hydrochloric acid alone reacts poorly with primary alcohols and secondary alcohols, but a combination of the acid with Zn (known together as the "Lucas reagent") at 130°C is effective
for the preparation of alkyl chlorides. This probably reacts via an SN2 mechanism with primary alcohols but via SN1 with secondary alcohols.
Zinc chloride is also able to activate benzylic and allylic halides towards substitution by weak nucleophiles such as alkenes.
In similar fashion, Zinc Chloride promotes selective NaBH3CN reduction of tertiary, allylic or benzylic halides to the corresponding hydrocarbons.
Zinc chloride is also a useful starting point for the synthesis of many organo zinc reagents, such as those used in the palladium catalyzed Negishi coupling with aryl halides or vinyl
halides. In such cases the organozinc compound is usually prepared by transmetallation from an organolithium or a Grignard reagent.
Zinc enolates, prepared from alkali metal enolates and ZnCl2, provide control of stereochemistry in aldol condensation reactions due to chelation on to the zinc. This is because
the chelate is more stable when the bulky phenyl group is pseudo-equatorial rather than pseudo-axial, i.e., threo rather than erythro.
Chlorure de zinc
ATAMAN KIMYA ( ATAMAN CHEMICALS )
