Hydroquinone sulfate is an aryl sulfate derived from hydroquinone in which one of the hydroxyl groups is substituted by a sulfo group.

Hydroquinone sulfate belongs to the class of phenylsulfates, compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl ring.

Hydroquinone sulfate has been identified as a human and marine xenobiotic metabolite and is functionally related to hydroquinone.

CAS Number: 123-31-9

EC Number: 204-617-8

Molecular Formula: C6H6O2·H2SO4

Molecular Weight: 208.19 g/mol

Synonyms: Hydroquinine sulfate, Hydroquinine sulphate, UNII-F507371PJA, F507371PJA, DTXSID70197996, Cinchonan-9-ol, 10,11-dihydro-6'-methoxy-, (8alpha,9R)-, sulfate (1:1) (salt), CINCHONAN-9-OL, 10,11-DIHYDRO-6'-METHOXY-, (8.ALPHA.,9R)-, SULFATE (1:1) (SALT), RefChem:147106, DTXCID30120487, 26852-57-3, 49722-45-4, SCHEMBL11148333, SCHEMBL11148335, Q27277639, Sulfuric acid--(1xi,9R)-6'-methoxy-3alpha,8alpha-10,11-dihydrocinchonan-9-ol (1/1)

Hydroquinone sulfate is a water-soluble salt derivative of hydroquinone formed through reaction with sulfuric acid, resulting in enhanced stability and solubility compared to the parent phenolic compound.

Structurally related to 1,4-dihydroxybenzene, Hydroquinone sulfate retains strong reducing and antioxidant properties due to the presence of two hydroxyl groups on the aromatic ring.

Hydroquinone sulfate typically appears as a crystalline solid and readily dissolves in water, making it suitable for aqueous formulations.

Hydroquinone sulfate is primarily used as a polymerization inhibitor, antioxidant stabilizer, and chemical intermediate in redox-based processes.

Because Hydroquinone sulfate belongs to the hydroquinone family, appropriate handling and storage precautions are required to prevent oxidation and minimize exposure risks.

Hydroquinone sulfate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylsulfates.

Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group. 

Hydroquinone sulfate is a secondary metabolite. 

Secondary metabolites are metabolically or physiologically non-essential metabolites that may serve a role as defense or signalling molecules. 

In some cases they are simply molecules that arise from the incomplete metabolism of other secondary metabolites. 

Based on a literature review a small amount of articles have been published on Hydroquinone sulfate.

Hydroquinone sulfate is an aryl sulfate that is quinol (hydroquinone) with one of the two hydroxy groups substituted by a sulfo group.

Hydroquinone sulfate has a role as a human xenobiotic metabolite and a marine xenobiotic metabolite. 

Hydroquinone sulfate is an aryl sulfate and a member of phenols. 

Hydroquinone sulfate is functionally related to a hydroquinone. 

Hydroquinone sulfate is a conjugate acid of a quinol sulfate(1-).

Hydroquinone sulfate is an organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of quinol sulfate, obtained by deprotonation of the sulfo group; major species at pH 7.3. 

Hydroquinone sulfate has a role as a marine xenobiotic metabolite. 

Hydroquinone sulfate is a conjugate base of a quinol sulfate.

Uses of Hydroquinone Sulfate:

Hydroquinone sulfate is primarily used as a polymerization inhibitor to prevent premature polymer formation in monomers such as acrylates, methacrylates, and styrenes during storage and transportation.

Hydroquinone sulfate's strong reducing properties also allow it to function as an antioxidant stabilizer, protecting formulations from oxidative degradation.

In addition, hydroquinone sulfate serves as a chemical intermediate in redox-based organic synthesis processes and is related to compounds used in photographic development systems.

Hydroquinone sulfate's water solubility makes it particularly suitable for aqueous industrial applications requiring controlled inhibition and stabilization.

Uses Area:

Plastics and Polymer Industry:

Hydroquinone sulfate is used to inhibit unwanted polymerization in monomer storage and processing systems.

Coatings and Adhesives:

Hydroquinone sulfate stabilizes acrylate and methacrylate formulations by preventing premature curing.

Chemical Manufacturing:

Hydroquinone sulfate functions as a redox intermediate and process stabilizer in specialty chemical production.

Photographic and Imaging Industry:

Hydroquinone-related compounds are applied in developing systems due to their reducing capability.

Industrial Water-Based Systems:

Hydroquinone sulfate is utilized in aqueous formulations requiring controlled oxidation inhibition.

Synthesis of Hydroquinone Sulfate:

Hydroquinone sulfate is synthesized through the controlled reaction of hydroquinone (1,4-dihydroxybenzene) with sulfuric acid under carefully regulated conditions.

In this process, hydroquinone is dissolved in an appropriate solvent system and treated with dilute or concentrated sulfuric acid, resulting in formation of the corresponding sulfate salt.

The reaction is typically conducted at controlled temperatures to prevent oxidation of hydroquinone to quinone derivatives.

Following completion of the reaction, the mixture may undergo neutralization or crystallization steps depending on the desired salt form and purity requirements.

The product is then filtered, washed to remove residual acid, and dried under controlled conditions to obtain a stable crystalline material.

Final purification may include recrystallization to ensure high chemical purity suitable for polymer inhibition and industrial stabilization applications.

Strict control of reaction temperature, pH, and oxygen exposure is essential during synthesis to minimize side reactions and maintain product stability.

Stability and Reactivity of Hydroquinone Sulfate:

Chemical Stability:

Hydroquinone sulfate is stable under normal storage conditions.

Hydroquinone sulfate may oxidize when exposed to air and light.

Reactivity:

Acts as a reducing agent.

May react with strong oxidizing agents.

Conditions to Avoid:

Heat, moisture, prolonged light exposure, and contact with incompatible materials.

Incompatible Materials:

Strong oxidizers and strong bases.

Hazardous Decomposition Products:

Thermal decomposition may produce carbon oxides (CO, CO₂) and sulfur oxides (SOx).

Handling and Storage of Hydroquinone Sulfate:

Handling:

Avoid dust formation.

Avoid contact with skin and eyes.

Use good industrial hygiene practices.

Storage:

Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area in tightly closed containers.

Protect from light and air.

First Aid Measures of Hydroquinone Sulfate:

Inhalation:

Move to fresh air.

Seek medical attention if symptoms persist.

Skin Contact:

Wash with soap and water.

Remove contaminated clothing.

Eye Contact:

Rinse with water for several minutes.

Seek medical advice if irritation continues.

Ingestion:

Rinse mouth.

Seek medical attention.

Firefighting Measures of Hydroquinone Sulfate:

Suitable Extinguishing Media:

Water spray, foam, dry chemical, or CO₂.

Specific Hazards:

Combustible solid.

May release toxic fumes during combustion.

Protective Equipment:

Use self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

Accidental Release Measures of Hydroquinone Sulfate:

Personal Precautions:

Avoid breathing dust.

Wear protective equipment.

Environmental Precautions:

Prevent entry into drains or waterways.

Cleanup Methods:

Collect material carefully.

Dispose according to regulations.

Exposure Controls / Personal Protection of Hydroquinone Sulfate:

Engineering Controls:

Provide adequate ventilation.

Respiratory Protection:

Use a dust mask if airborne particles are generated.

Hand Protection:

Chemical-resistant gloves.

Eye Protection:

Safety glasses or goggles.

Hygiene Measures:

Wash hands after handling.

Avoid eating or drinking in work areas.

Identifiers of Hydroquinone Sulfate:

Molecular Formula: C6H6O2·H2SO4

Molecular Weight: 208.19 g/mol

CAS Number: 123-31-9

EC Number (EINECS): 204-617-8

Functional Groups: Phenolic Hydroxyl Groups; Sulfate Group

Appearance: White to Off-White Crystalline Solid

PhytoHub ID: PHUB001310

Name: Hydroquinone sulfate

Average Mass: 190.17

Monoisotopic Mass: 189.993594467

Chemical Formula: C6H6O5S

IUPAC Name: (4-hydroxyphenyl)oxidanesulfonic acid

InChI Key: FPXPQMOQWJZYBL-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI: InChI=1S/C6H6O5S/c7-5-1-3-6(4-2-5)11-12(8,9)10/h1-4,7H,(H,8,9,10)

SMILES: OC1=CC=C(OS(O)(=O)=O)C=C1

Properties of Hydroquinone Sulfate:

Density: 1.669

Precise Quality: 189.99400

PSA: 92.21000

logP: 1.65460

Appearance: White to off-white crystalline powder

Odor: Mild or nearly odorless

Chemical Type: Aromatic phenolic sulfate salt

Solubility: Highly soluble in water; limited solubility in non-polar solvents

pH: Acidic to slightly acidic

Melting Point: Decomposes before melting

Density: Specification dependent

Hygroscopicity: May absorb moisture under humid conditions

Solubility (ALOGPS): 5.86e+00 g/l

LogS (ALOGPS): -1.51

LogP (ALOGPS): -0.88

Hydrogen Acceptors: 4

Hydrogen Donors: 2

Rotatable Bond Count: 2

Polar Surface Area: 83.83

Refractivity: 40.0116

Polarizability: 15.879416904230789

Physiological Charge: -1

pKa (strongest basic): -5.953792236729969

pKa (strongest acidic): -2.4583959376494575

Number of Rings: 1

Rule of Five: Yes

Bioavailability: Yes

Ghose Filter: No

Veber's Rule: No

MDDR-like Rule: No

Molecular Weight: 424.5 g/mol

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 3

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 8

Rotatable Bond Count: 4

Exact Mass: 424.16680779 Da

Monoisotopic Mass: 424.16680779 Da

Topological Polar Surface Area: 129 Ų

Heavy Atom Count: 29

Complexity: 513

Isotope Atom Count: 0

Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 4

Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2

Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes