GUANIDINE ACETATE
Guanidine acetate is commonly used in the extraction and purification of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), aiding in the separation of nucleic acids from other cellular components.
Guanidine acetate is a strong base that is used in the production of plastics and explosives.
Guanidine acetate has chaotropic properties and is used to denature proteins, disrupting their native structure.
CAS Number: 593-87-3
EC Number: 209-814-2
Molecular Formula: C3H9N3O2
Molecular Weight: 119.12
Synonyms: Guanidine acetate, 593-87-3, Guanidine acetate salt, Guanidine, monoacetate, Guanidinium acetate, acetic acid;guanidine, Guanidine, acetate (1:1), Guanidine, acetate, EINECS 209-814-2, AI3-19013, AI3-36535, Guanidine monoacetate, guanidinium monoacetate, SCHEMBL350569, acetic acid--guanidine (1/1), amino(imino)methanaminium acetate, DTXSID1060479, CHEBI:132481, DXTIKTAIYCJTII-UHFFFAOYSA-N, MFCD00039095, BS-42295, FT-0719456, A869208
Guanidine acetate is TG (thermogravimetry) and DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) curves have been reported.
Guanidine acetate is a chemical compound that consists of guanidine (a nitrogenous organic base) and acetic acid.
Guanidine acetate is often used in various chemical and biochemical applications due to its properties.
Guanidine acetate is a reactive amide that can be used as a pharmaceutical preparation or as a catalyst in organic synthesis.
Guanidine acetate has been shown to react with zinc diethyldithiocarbamate to form a copper complex, which then reacts with water vapor to produce hydrogen gas and heat.
Guanidine acetate also has the ability to bind to metal hydroxides, such as aluminum hydroxide, and form an insoluble film-forming polymer.
Guanidine acetate is not known to have any carcinogenic effects in humans.
Guanidine acetate is the compound with the formula HNC(NH2)2.
Guanidine acetate is a colourless solid that dissolves in polar solvents.
Guanidine acetate is a strong base that is used in the production of plastics and explosives.
Guanidine acetate is found in urine predominantly in patients experiencing renal failure.
A guanidine moiety also appears in larger organic molecules, including on the side chain of arginine.
The chemical formula for guanidine acetate is C3H9N3O2.
Guanidine acetate is typically soluble in water.
This solubility makes it useful in aqueous solutions and biochemical applications.
Guanidine acetate is often employed as a buffering agent in biochemical and biotechnological research.
Buffers help maintain a stable pH in solutions, which is crucial for many biological and chemical processes.
Guanidine acetate, along with other guanidine salts, is known for its protein denaturation properties.
Guanidine acetate can be used to denature proteins, disrupting their native structure.
Guanidine acetate is commonly used in the extraction and purification of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).
Guanidine acetate helps break down cellular structures and facilitates the separation of nucleic acids from other cellular components.
Guanidine acetate is used in protein solubilization procedures, aiding in the extraction and purification of proteins from biological samples.
Guanidine acetate serves as a reagent in various laboratory procedures, particularly in molecular biology, biochemistry, and protein chemistry.
Guanidine acetate can be used as a guanylation reagent in organic synthesis, contributing the guanidine functional group to molecules.
Guanidine acetate can be employed in the synthesis of certain organic compounds, owing to its reactivity and the presence of the guanidine moiety.
Guanidine acetate can be thought of as a nitrogenous analogue of carbonic acid.
That is, the C=O group in carbonic acid is replaced by a C=NH group, and each OH is replaced by a NH2 group.
Isobutene can be seen as the carbon analogue in much the same way.
A detailed crystallographic analysis of Guanidine acetate was elucidated 148 years after its first synthesis, despite the simplicity of the molecule.
In 2013, the positions of the hydrogen atoms and their displacement parameters were accurately determined using single-crystal neutron diffraction.
Guanidine acetate is a chemical compound that is widely used in various fields, including medical, environmental, and industrial research.
Guanidine acetate is a white crystalline powder that is soluble in water and has a pungent odor.
Guanidine acetate is a derivative of guanidine, which is a naturally occurring compound found in some plants and animals.
Guanidine acetate is synthesized by reacting guanidine with acetic acid.
This paper will discuss the method of synthesis or extraction, chemical structure and biological activity, biological effects, applications, future perspectives, and challenges of guanidine acetate.
Guanidine acetate is effective as a buffering agent in a relatively broad pH range, typically in the range of 7 to 9.
This makes Guanidine acetate suitable for various applications where a stable pH is essential.
Guanidine acetate is often used in RNA stabilization solutions.
Guanidine acetate helps prevent the degradation of RNA molecules and is utilized in processes such as RNA extraction and preservation.
Guanidine acetate salts, including guanidine acetate, are sometimes used in virology for virus inactivation.
They can disrupt the structure of certain viruses, making them non-infectious.
Guanidine acetate is employed in protocols where RNA denaturation is required, such as in the preparation of denaturing RNA gels for electrophoresis.
Guanidine acetate is related to guanidine isothiocyanate, another compound used in molecular biology for RNA extraction.
Guanidine acetate isothiocyanate is often used in combination with other reagents for the isolation of RNA.
In protein biochemistry, guanidine acetate is sometimes used in the refolding of denatured proteins.
Guanidine acetate can assist in restoring the native conformation of proteins that have been denatured under certain conditions.
Guanidine acetate, due to its denaturing properties, can be used in the stabilization of enzymes.
In some cases, enzymes can be stabilized by denaturation and subsequent refolding.
Guanidine acetate is utilized in chromatography techniques for the purification of biomolecules, including proteins and nucleic acids.
Guanidine acetate may find applications in analytical chemistry, particularly in methods that involve the separation and analysis of biomolecules.
Guanidine acetate can act as a ligand for metal ions, forming complexes.
This property may be utilized in certain chemical and biochemical applications.
Guanidine acetate serves as a valuable reagent in molecular biology, biochemistry, and related fields, contributing to various experimental procedures and protocols.
Guanidine acetate has chaotropic properties and is used to denature proteins.
Guanidine acetate is known to denature proteins with a linear relationship between concentration and free energy of unfolding.
In aqueous solutions containing 6 M guanidinium chloride, almost all proteins lose their entire secondary structure and become randomly coiled peptide chains.
Guanidine acetate is also used for its denaturing effect on various biological samples.
Recent studies suggest that Guanidine acetate is produced by bacteria as a toxic byproduct.
To alleviate the toxicity of Guanidine acetate, bacteria have developed a class of transporters known as guanidinium exporters or Gdx proteins to expel the extra amounts of this ion to the outside of the cell.
Guanidine acetate proteins, are highly selective for guanidinium and mono-substituted guanidinyl compounds and share an overlapping set of non-canonical substrates with drug exporter.
Guanidine acetate can be obtained from natural sources, being first isolated in 1861 by Adolph Strecker via the oxidative degradation of an aromatic natural product, guanine, isolated from Peruvian guano.
A laboratory method of producing guanidine is gentle (180-190 °C) thermal decomposition of dry ammonium thiocyanate in anhydrous conditions: 3 NH4SCN -> 2 CH5N3 + H2S + CS2
The commercial route involves a two step process starting with the reaction of dicyandiamide with ammonium salts.
Via the intermediacy of biguanidine, this ammonolysis step affords salts of the Guanidine acetate cation (see below).
In the second step, the salt is treated with base, such as sodium methoxide.
The conjugate acid is called the guanidinium cation, (C(NH2)+3).
This planar, symmetric ion consists of three amino groups each bonded to the central carbon atom with a covalent bond of order 4/3.
Guanidine acetate is a highly stable +1 cation in aqueous solution due to the efficient resonance stabilization of the charge and efficient solvation by water molecules.
As a result, its pKaH is 13.6 (pKb of 0.4) meaning that guanidine is a very strong base in water; in neutral water, it exists almost exclusively as guanidinium.
Due to this, most guanidine derivatives are salts containing the conjugate acid.
A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH.
Guanidine acetate is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism.
Guanidine acetate is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant.
Guanidine acetate is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.
Since the Middle Ages in Europe, Guanidine acetate has been used to treat diabetes as the active antihyperglycemic ingredient in French lilac.
Due to its long-term hepatotoxicity, further research for blood sugar control was suspended at first after the discovery of insulin.
Later development of nontoxic, safe biguanides led to the long-used first-line diabetes control medicine metformin, introduced to Europe in the 1950s & United States in 1995 and now prescribed to over 17 million patients per year in the US.
Guanidine acetate may find applications in polymer chemistry, where its chemical properties can be harnessed for specific reactions or modifications in the synthesis of polymers.
Due to its ability to denature proteins and nucleic acids, guanidine acetate has been investigated in antiviral research.
Guanidine acetate may play a role in disrupting viral structures and functions.
Guanidine acetate can be used in biocatalysis, acting as a denaturing agent in enzymatic reactions or facilitating the solubilization of biomolecules.
In computational biology and molecular dynamics simulations, guanidine acetate may be used as a denaturant to study the unfolding and refolding dynamics of biomolecular systems.
Researchers may use guanidine acetate to induce the unfolding of proteins for structural and functional studies.
The controlled denaturation helps reveal insights into protein folding pathways.
In certain biological and biochemical applications, guanidine acetate may be employed in tissue homogenization to facilitate the extraction of biomolecules.
Guanidine acetate can contribute to cell lysis procedures, breaking down cellular structures and releasing cellular contents for downstream analysis.
In studies aiming to understand the process of protein refolding, guanidine acetate is often used to unfold proteins, followed by attempts to refold them under different conditions.
Researchers may use guanidine acetate to unfold RNA structures, allowing for the investigation of RNA folding kinetics and thermodynamics.
Guanidine acetateGuanidine acetate is a common component in various molecular biology kits, including those used for RNA and protein extraction, where the stability of nucleic acids and proteins is crucial.
In pharmacological research, guanidine acetate might be used in studies related to drug interactions, stability, and the effects of denaturation on drug compounds.
Guanidine acetate is used to study protein aggregation, particularly in diseases associated with protein misfolding and aggregation, such as neurodegenerative disorders.
Guanidine acetate may be employed in pharmacokinetics studies to understand the stability and behavior of pharmaceutical compounds under different conditions.
Guanidine acetate is a common choice for chemical denaturation studies, where researchers investigate the stability and unfolding of proteins in the presence of denaturing agents.
Guanidine acetate may be used in gel filtration chromatography for the separation and purification of biomolecules based on size.
Guanidine acetate is a now-controversial adjuant in treatment of botulism.
Recent studies have shown some significant subsets of patients who see no improvement after the administration of this drug.
Guanidine acetates are a group of organic compounds sharing a common functional group with the general structure (R1R2N)(R3R4N)C=N−R5.
The central bond within this group is that of an imine, and the group is related structurally to amidines and ureas.
Examples of Guanidine acetates are arginine, triazabicyclodecene, saxitoxin, and creatine.
Guanidine acetate is an isoamylene guanidine.
Guanidine acetate is often a component in commercial RNA extraction kits used in molecular biology laboratories.
These kits provide a convenient and standardized method for isolating RNA from various sources.
Beyond RNA stabilization, guanidine acetate can also contribute to the stabilization of other nucleic acids, such as DNA.
This property is particularly useful in preserving the integrity of nucleic acids in biological samples.
In virology and molecular diagnostics, guanidine acetate is employed in the extraction of viral RNA for the detection and analysis of viral genetic material.
Guanidine acetate is sometimes used in studies involving RNA/DNA hybridization.
Guanidine acetate may help denature nucleic acid duplexes, allowing researchers to study the interactions between RNA and DNA molecules.
In pharmaceutical research and development, guanidine acetate may be used in studies related to drug stability, formulation, and interactions with biomolecules.
Guanidine acetate is relevant to biopolymer research, particularly in understanding the structural and functional aspects of nucleic acids and proteins.
Researchers may utilize guanidine acetate in biophysical studies to investigate the folding and unfolding kinetics of biomolecules, providing insights into their stability.
The denaturing properties of guanidine acetate may be explored in therapeutic development, especially in studies related to protein misfolding diseases.
Guanidine acetate, due to its denaturing effect, can be employed to modulate enzyme activity by inducing conformational changes in enzymes.
Guanidine acetate is used in studies focusing on the folding and unfolding of macromolecules, contributing to the understanding of their three-dimensional structures.
Guanidine acetate may serve as a reagent in various biochemical and biophysical assays, where precise control over experimental conditions is crucial.
Guanidine acetate can be used in the preparation of custom buffer solutions for specific experimental requirements in biochemistry and molecular biology.
Guanidine acetate is involved in protein solubilization and extraction processes, aiding in the isolation of proteins from biological samples.
Uses of Guanidine Acetate:
Guanidine acetate is commonly used as a buffering agent in biochemical and biotechnological research.
Guanidine acetate helps maintain a stable pH in solutions, making it suitable for a range of biological processes.
Guanidine acetate is utilized in RNA stabilization solutions, preventing the degradation of RNA molecules.
This property is valuable in preserving RNA integrity for applications like RNA extraction and analysis.
Guanidine acetate is a crucial component in RNA extraction protocols.
Guanidine acetate aids in breaking down cellular structures and facilitating the isolation of RNA from biological samples.
Guanidine acetate, along with other guanidine salts, is used in virology for virus inactivation.
Guanidine acetate can disrupt the structure of certain viruses, rendering them non-infectious.
Guanidine acetate is known for its ability to denature proteins, altering their three-dimensional structure.
This property is often utilized in studies involving protein folding, unfolding, and structural analysis.
In molecular biology, guanidine acetate plays a role in various nucleic acid-related studies, including DNA and RNA extraction, denaturation studies, and hybridization experiments.
Guanidine acetate may be used in studies involving RNA/DNA hybridization.
Guanidine acetate can facilitate the denaturation of nucleic acid duplexes, allowing for the study of interactions between RNA and DNA.
RNA/DNA Purification Kits:
Commercially available RNA and DNA purification kits often contain guanidine acetate as a key reagent.
These kits provide standardized methods for isolating nucleic acids.
Guanidine acetate is used in protein solubilization procedures, aiding in the extraction and purification of proteins from biological samples.
Researchers use guanidine acetate in biophysical studies to investigate the folding and unfolding kinetics of biomolecules, providing insights into their stability.
Due to its ability to disrupt viral structures, guanidine acetate is investigated in antiviral research, where it may play a role in preventing viral infections.
Guanidine acetate may find applications in polymer chemistry, contributing to specific reactions or modifications in polymer synthesis.
Guanidine acetate contributes to cell lysis procedures, breaking down cellular structures to release cellular contents for downstream analysis.
Guanidine acetate might be used in pharmacological studies to investigate drug interactions, stability, and the effects of denaturation on drug compounds.
In biocatalysis, guanidine acetate can be used as a denaturing agent or a solubilizing agent for biomolecules.
In studies related to protein refolding, guanidine acetate is used to unfold proteins, followed by attempts to refold them under different conditions.
Guanidine acetate is utilized in computational biology and molecular dynamics simulations as a denaturant to study the unfolding and refolding dynamics of biomolecular systems.
Researchers use guanidine acetate to induce the unfolding of proteins for structural and functional studies.
The controlled denaturation helps reveal insights into protein folding pathways.
Guanidine acetate may be employed in tissue homogenization to facilitate the extraction of biomolecules.
Guanidine acetate contributes to breaking down tissues and releasing cellular contents.
Guanidine acetate can contribute to cell lysis procedures, breaking down cellular structures and releasing cellular contents for downstream analysis.
Researchers may use guanidine acetate to unfold RNA structures, allowing for the investigation of RNA folding kinetics and thermodynamics.
Guanidine acetate is a common component in various molecular biology kits, including those used for RNA and protein extraction, where the stability of nucleic acids and proteins is crucial.
In pharmacological research, guanidine acetate might be used in studies related to drug interactions, stability, and the effects of denaturation on drug compounds.
Guanidine acetate is used to study protein aggregation, particularly in diseases associated with protein misfolding and aggregation, such as neurodegenerative disorders.
Guanidine acetate may be employed in pharmacokinetics studies to understand the stability and behavior of pharmaceutical compounds under different conditions.
Guanidine acetate is a common choice for chemical denaturation studies, where researchers investigate the stability and unfolding of proteins in the presence of denaturing agents.
Guanidine acetate may be used in gel filtration chromatography for the separation and purification of biomolecules based on size.
In polymer chemistry, guanidine acetate may find applications in specific reactions or modifications during the synthesis of polymers.
Due to its ability to disrupt viral structures, guanidine acetate is investigated in antiviral research, where it may play a role in preventing viral infections.
Guanidine acetate can be used in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the separation of nucleic acids based on size.
Guanidine acetate can be used in protein renaturation studies, where denatured proteins are subjected to conditions that promote their refolding.
This is often important in restoring the biological activity of proteins.
In vaccine development, guanidine acetate may be used in processes involving the inactivation or denaturation of viral or bacterial components to create safer and more stable vaccine formulations.
Guanidine acetate has been explored for its potential use in the cryoprotection of proteins, helping to prevent denaturation and degradation during freezing and thawing processes.
Guanidine acetate is employed in peptide synthesis as a reagent for amidation reactions, contributing to the formation of amide bonds in the production of peptides.
In microbiology and biotechnology, guanidine acetate can be used for microbial cell disruption, assisting in the release of intracellular components for further analysis.
Guanidine acetate may be used in the stabilization of enzymes, particularly in situations where the denaturation and subsequent refolding of enzymes can enhance their stability and activity.
Researchers may use guanidine acetate in studies involving the denaturation of DNA, providing insights into the thermodynamics of DNA strand separation.
Guanidine acetate is used to study protein folding kinetics, providing information about the rate and mechanism of the folding process.
In cell culture, guanidine acetate may be used in certain applications, such as the solubilization of cellular components or the denaturation of proteins within cultured cells.
Guanidine acetate has been used in certain molecular biology techniques for phylogenetic analysis, helping to prepare nucleic acid samples for subsequent analysis.
In histology and tissue preparation, guanidine acetate can be employed for certain tissue homogenization and extraction procedures.
Guanidine acetate may be used in diagnostic assays, contributing to the preparation of samples for the detection of specific biomolecules or pathogens.
In immunoassays, guanidine acetate may be involved in sample preparation steps, helping to denature proteins and facilitate the detection of specific antigens or antibodies.
Guanidine acetate may find applications in stem cell research, particularly in studies involving the extraction and analysis of nucleic acids or proteins from stem cells.
Reactions of Guanidine Acetate:
Guanidine acetate is involved in various chemical reactions, largely due to the reactivity of its guanidine group.
Here are some notable reactions and types of reactions that guanidine acetate can undergo:
Acid-Base Reactions:
Guanidine acetate is a strong base, and it can readily accept protons to form the guanidinium ion.
In an acidic environment, guanidine can be protonated to form guanidinium, while in a basic environment, it can donate a proton.
Hydrolysis:
In aqueous solutions, guanidine acetate can undergo hydrolysis, especially under acidic or basic conditions, leading to the formation of guanidine and acetic acid.
Condensation Reactions:
Guanidine can react with carbonyl compounds (like urea or another guanidine molecule) in a condensation reaction to form biguanides, which are compounds containing two guanidine groups.
Reaction with Aldehydes and Ketones:
Guanidine can react with aldehydes or ketones to form imines or amidines, depending on the conditions.
This reaction typically requires an acidic catalyst.
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions:
Guanidine can act as a nucleophile, reacting with alkyl halides to form alkylated guanidine derivatives, such as methylguanidine.
Oxidation Reactions:
Oxidation to Nitrosoguanidine: Guanidine can be oxidized to form nitrosoguanidine, a compound used in organic synthesis and as a reagent in the production of explosives.
Cyclization Reactions:
Formation of Heterocycles: Guanidine can react with dicarbonyl compounds (like diketones) to form heterocyclic compounds such as imidazoles.
Synthesis of Creatine:
Reaction with Cyanamide: Guanidine acetate is a key intermediate in the industrial synthesis of creatine, where it reacts with cyanamide to form creatine.
Decomposition Reactions:
Thermal Decomposition: Upon heating, guanidine acetate decomposes to produce ammonia, carbon dioxide, and other nitrogenous gases.
Reaction with Metal Ions:
Complex Formation: Guanidine can form complexes with metal ions such as copper or iron, which is useful in certain catalytic and industrial applications.
Production of Guanidine Acetate:
The production of guanidine acetate typically involves the reaction of guanidine with acetic acid or acetic anhydride.
The process can be carried out on both laboratory and industrial scales.
Below is an overview of the production process:
Raw Materials:
Guanidine:
This can be obtained in the form of guanidine hydrochloride or free guanidine.
Acetic Acid or Acetic Anhydride: Used as the acylating agent to form the acetate salt.
Reaction Process:
Starting with Guanidine Hydrochloride:
Neutralization:
Guanidine hydrochloride (C(NH₂)₃·HCl) is first neutralized using a strong base like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) to liberate free guanidine (C(NH₂)₃).
Reaction with Acetic Acid:
The free guanidine is then reacted with acetic acid (CH₃COOH) to form guanidine acetate.
Reaction with Acetic Anhydride:
Alternatively, guanidine can react with acetic anhydride (CH₃CO)₂O, producing guanidine acetate and acetic acid as a byproduct.
Purification:
Filtration:
After the reaction, the mixture may contain unreacted guanidine, acetic acid, or byproducts.
The crude guanidine acetate can be purified by filtration to remove any insoluble impurities.
Crystallization:
The product is then crystallized from an appropriate solvent, often water or ethanol, to obtain pure guanidine acetate crystals.
Drying:
The crystallized guanidine acetate is dried under reduced pressure or in an oven to remove residual solvent and moisture.
Handling and Storage of Guanidine Acetate:
Handling:
Precautions:
Handle in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of dust.
Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, goggles, and lab coats.
Avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling and before eating, drinking, or smoking.
Prevent the formation of dust and avoid breathing dust.
Use appropriate engineering controls, such as fume hoods or local exhaust ventilation, to minimize exposure.
Storage:
Conditions:
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances (e.g., strong oxidizing agents, acids).
Keep the container tightly closed when not in use to prevent moisture absorption.
Protect from physical damage, direct sunlight, and extreme temperatures.
Store in a corrosion-resistant container with a resistant inner liner if needed.
Shelf Life:
Typically, guanidine acetate has a shelf life of about 2 years when stored properly under recommended conditions.
Stability and Reactivity of Guanidine Acetate:
Stability:
Stable under normal conditions: Guanidine acetate is generally stable at room temperature under recommended storage conditions.
Decomposition: Decomposes upon heating, releasing toxic gases such as ammonia and nitrogen oxides.
Reactivity:
Incompatible Materials:
Strong oxidizing agents (e.g., peroxides, permanganates).
Acids:
Can react exothermically with acids to produce heat and toxic fumes.
Acid chlorides:
Can react violently, releasing heat and toxic gases.
Hazardous Reactions:
May react with water or moisture to produce acetic acid.
Undergoes thermal decomposition at elevated temperatures, leading to the release of toxic fumes.
Safety Profile of Guanidine Acetate:
Guanidine acetate can cause irritation to the eyes and skin upon direct contact.
Guanidine acetate is essential to use appropriate personal protective equipment, such as gloves and safety goggles, to minimize the risk of skin and eye exposure.
Inhalation of dust or aerosolized particles of guanidine acetate can irritate the respiratory tract.
Adequate ventilation and respiratory protection should be used in situations where airborne particles are likely to be generated.
Some individuals may develop sensitization or allergic reactions upon repeated exposure to guanidine acetate.
Guanidine acetate's important for individuals working with this compound regularly to be aware of the potential for sensitization.
Guanidine acetate can decompose under certain conditions, releasing toxic fumes.
Avoid conditions that may lead to decomposition, such as exposure to strong acids or incompatible substances.
Guanidine acetate can exhibit corrosive properties, especially in contact with metals.
This can lead to corrosion or degradation of equipment.
Proper handling and storage practices should be followed to prevent unintended reactions.
First Aid Measures of Guanidine Acetate:
Inhalation:
If inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air and keep them at rest in a comfortable position.
If breathing is difficult or if symptoms persist, seek medical attention immediately.
If the person is not breathing, provide artificial respiration and seek immediate medical assistance.
Skin Contact:
Immediately wash the affected area with plenty of water and soap for at least 15 minutes.
Take off contaminated clothing and wash it before reuse.
If irritation persists or develops, seek medical attention.
Eye Contact:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting both upper and lower eyelids occasionally.
If present and easy to do, remove contact lenses.
If irritation persists or if there is any discomfort, seek medical attention immediately.
Ingestion:
Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel.
Get medical help immediately.
If conscious, rinse the mouth with water.
If the person is unconscious, do not give anything by mouth.
Fire Fighting Measures of Guanidine Acetate:
Flammability:
Non-flammable:
Guanidine acetate itself is not flammable but may decompose to emit toxic fumes when exposed to heat.
Suitable Extinguishing Media:
Water spray: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide (CO₂).
Avoid water jet: A water jet may spread the fire.
Fire Fighting Instructions:
Protective Equipment:
Firefighters should wear full protective gear, including self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) to avoid inhalation of toxic fumes.
Hazardous Combustion Products:
During a fire, guanidine acetate may decompose to produce toxic gases such as ammonia, nitrogen oxides, and carbon oxides.
Special Hazards:
In the event of a fire, the area should be evacuated, and firefighters should fight the fire from a safe distance.
Cool containers with water spray to prevent pressure build-up and potential explosion.
Accidental Release Measures of Guanidine Acetate:
Personal Precautions:
Evacuate area:
Evacuate non-essential personnel and ensure adequate ventilation.
Avoid dust formation:
Minimize dust generation by using a dust mask and controlling airborne particles.
Use PPE:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment, including gloves, goggles, and a respirator if necessary.
Environmental Precautions:
Avoid release to the environment and prevent material from entering drains, sewers, or waterways.
Use barriers or containment methods to prevent the spread of the spill.
Spill Cleanup:
Small spills:
Sweep up the material carefully without creating dust.
Collect in a suitable container for disposal according to local regulations.
Large spills:
Contain the spill and cover it with a non-combustible absorbent material such as sand or earth.
Transfer to suitable containers for disposal.
Exposure Controls/Personal Protection of Guanidine Acetate:
Exposure Limits:
Occupational Exposure Limits (OELs):
Not specifically established for guanidine acetate, but standard precautions should be taken to avoid exposure.
Engineering Controls:
Ventilation:
Use local exhaust ventilation or a fume hood to minimize exposure to airborne particles.
Process Enclosures:
Use closed systems or process enclosures to reduce the risk of exposure.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Respiratory Protection:
If dust or aerosols are generated, wear an approved respirator (e.g., N95, P100) suitable for the level of exposure.
Skin Protection:
Wear protective gloves made from materials resistant to chemical exposure, such as nitrile, neoprene, or rubber.
Use a lab coat or protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
Eye Protection:
Wear chemical safety goggles or face shields to protect against splashes and dust.
Hygiene Measures:
Wash hands and exposed skin thoroughly after handling and before eating, drinking, or smoking.
Avoid touching face and eyes with contaminated hands.
Environmental Exposure Controls:
Prevent release:
Use appropriate controls to prevent release to the environment.
Waste Disposal:
Dispose of waste material and contaminated packaging according to local regulations, ensuring it does not enter the environment.
Identifiers of Guanidine Acetate:
CAS Number: 352-97-6
PubChem CID: 10480
EC Number: 206-529-5
InChI Key: WPJZCZRJLLXYGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: C(C(=O)O)NC(=N)N
IUPAC Name: Guanidinium ethanoate
Chemical Formula: C₃H₇N₃O₂
Molecular Weight: 117.11 g/mol
Structure: Guanidine acetate consists of a guanidine group (HN=C(NH2)2) attached to an acetate group (CH3COO−).
Beilstein Reference: 4128361
UNII: 35395T1X5N
EINECS Number: 206-529-5
GHS Classification: Hazardous under GHS criteria
Properties of Guanidine Acetate:
Molecular Formula: C₃H₇N₃O₂
Molecular Weight: 117.11 g/mol
Appearance: White crystalline powder
Density: Approximately 1.3 g/cm³
Melting Point: Decomposes before melting, specific melting point not typically listed due to decomposition.
Boiling Point: Not applicable, decomposes before boiling.
Melting point: 226-230 °C
solubility: H2O: 0.1 g/mL, clear
form: powder
Water Solubility: 10 g /100 mL
BRN: 3565247
Specifications of Guanidine Acetate:
Assay (Purity): ≥ 98% (often higher for laboratory-grade material, e.g., ≥ 99%)
Loss on Drying: ≤ 1.0% (indicating moisture content)
Residue on Ignition: ≤ 0.1% (ash content after combustion)
Form: White crystalline powder
Odor: Odorless or slight characteristic odor
Melting Point:
Decomposition: Typically recorded at around 150°C (exact value may vary depending on purity)
Solubility:
In Water: Soluble (typically specified as “completely soluble” or with a minimum solubility value, e.g., ≥ 50 g/L at 20°C)
In Organic Solvents: Sparingly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in most organic solvents
