AMMONIUM SULFIDE
Ammonium sulfide is an unstable ammonium salt, typically found as a 40-48% aqueous solution with a strong, unpleasant odor resembling rotten eggs or ammonia.
Ammonium sulfide has industrial applications, such as in the production of photographic developers, textile manufacturing, and patina for bronze, and is also used in organic chemical synthesis and cell culture techniques.
Ammonium sulfide decomposes above -18 °C, releasing ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gases, and is commonly known as the "stink bomb" due to its malodorous and volatile nature.
CAS Number: 12135-76-1
EC Number: 235-223-4
Molecular Formula: H8N2S
Molecular Weight: 68.14
Synonyms: DiAmmonium sulfide, diazanium;sulfide, True Ammonium sulfide, MFCD00010892, Ammoniumsulfid, Diammonium pentasulfide, Ammonium sulfide, 40-50% solution in water, DTXSID60893218, BP-20355, Ammonium sulfide 40-48% solution wt. in water, Ammonium sulfide solution 40-48 wt. % in H2O, Ammonium sulfide, 20-24% w/w aqueous solution, Q416913, J-004483, ammoniummonosulfide, ammoniumsulfide((nh4)2s), ammoniumsulfide(solution), Ammonium bisulfide, Ammonium sulfide, 40-48 WT. % SOLUTION IN WATER, Ammonium sulfide, 20 WT. % SOLUTION IN W ATER, Ammonium sulfide SOLUTION, ~21% IN WATER, Ammonium sulfide SOLUTION APPROX. 21 %, Ammonium sulfide 20 WT. % SOLUTION IN &, Ammonium sulfide, 20% AQUEOUS SOLUTION, Ammonium sulfide SOL (COLORLESS), Ammonium sulfide, 20% AQUEOUS SOLUTION REAGENT (ACS), Ammonium sulfide, 20-24% aq. soln., Ammonium sulfide, 40-44% w/w aq. soln., Ammonium sulfide, 20-24% w/w aq. soln., Ammonium sulphide, 20-22% aq. soln., Ammoniumsulfide,40-44%aqueoussolution, Ammoniumsulfid, AMMONIUMSULFID 20 P. IN WASSER, NH4HS, Ammonium sulfide,20% solution in water, Ammonium sulfide aq. soln., Ammonium sulfide (20% Solution in H2O), Ammonium sulfide sol, Ammonium sulfide, 20% AQUEOUS SOLUTION, REAGENT (ACS)Ammonium sulfide, 20% AQUEOUS SOLUTION, REAGENT (ACS)Ammonium sulfide, 20% AQUEOUS SOLUTION, REAGENT (ACS), ammoniumsulfide,solution, ammoniumsulfideaqueoussolution, Ammoniumsulfidesolution, diammoniumsulfide, trueammoniumsulfide, AMMONIUM POLYSULPHIDE, AMMONIUM HYDROSULFIDE, Ammonium sulfide, Ammonium sulfide COLORLESS, Ammonium sulfide, YELLOW, AMMONIUM SULPHIDE, FEMA 2053, Ammonium sulfide SOLUTION GR FOR ANALYSI, Ammonium sulfide solution, 20 wt.% solution in H2O, Ammonium sulfide solution 20% in H2O, Ammonium sulfide solution 40-48 wt. % in H2O, Ammonium sulfide solution, 20-24% in water, Ammonium sulfide solution, 40-44% in water, Ammonium sulfide Solution, colorless
Ammonium sulfide is a chemical compound that is composed of sulphur and ammonium ions.
Ammonium sulfide is more commonly known as a “stink bomb” because of its explosive properties.
The IUPAC name of the compound is Ammonium sulfide and the formula of Ammonium sulfide is given as (NH4)2S.
The Ammonium sulfide molar mass can be determined from the Ammonium sulfide chemical formula (or ammonium sulphide chemical formula) 68.154 g/mol.
Due to the two ammonium ions present in the ammonium sulphide formula, it is also sometimes commonly known as DiAmmonium sulfide.
Ammonium sulfide, also known as the "stink bomb" is made up of a solution of Ammonium sulfide in water, sealed inside a glass ampoule (a small bottle-like container used to store a liquid securely).
When the ampoule is broken, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gases are released from the solution.
These chemicals have a very strong and unpleasant smell.
Ammonium sulfide is a very toxic chemical.
Ammonium sulfide is also explosive and highly flammable.
Ammonium sulfide is added to cigarettes.
Ammonium sulfide is an unstable ammonium salt with the formula (NH4)2S.
Ammonium sulfide is a yellowish solid, stable below -18 °C.
As the hydrosulfide ion cannot be deprotonated to an appreciable amount by ammonia (pKa = 15), Ammonium sulfide solutions also contain free ammonia and ammonium hydrosulfide (NH4)SH.
Ammonium sulfide is a 40-48wt.% solution in water.
Ammonium sulfide is an inorganic salt with a sulfurous odor, which is commonly used in the food industry as a flavoring agent.
The influence of Ammonium sulfide treatment on (100)GaAs (gallium arsenide) surfaces has been studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED).
Ammonium sulfide's potential as an alternative to hydrogen sulfide for the transformation of activated amides to thioamides by thiolysis has been investigated.
The reaction of Ammonium sulfide with 3-hydroxy-2-butanone over a range of temperature has been reported to form various flavor compounds.
Ammonium sulfide is registered under the REACH Regulation but is not currently being manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area.
Ammonium sulfide is used at industrial sites.
The oxidation of Ammonium sulfide and ammonium sulfite with compressed oxygen in aqueous ammonia soultion was studied in order to confirm the formation of ammonium sulfamate.
Ammonium sulfite is easily oxidized to ammonium thiosulfate through polysulfides with oxygen and further to ammonium sulfamate and ammonium sulfate.
Suitable conditions for producing ammonium sulfamate were found to be: initial concentration of Ammonium sulfide 2.0 mol/l, temperature 100°C, concentration of ammonia 12 mol/l, concentration of cupric ion 0.1 mol/l and oxygen pressure 50 kg/cm2.
Though ammonium sulfite is wholly oxidized to ammonium sulfate under the same conditions, Ammonium sulfide is partially oxidized to ammonium sulfamate besides sulfate in the presence of cupric ion under high concentration of ammonia.
The mode of oxidation might differ from that of ammonium thiosulfate, Ammonium sulfide and elemental sulfur because of no formation of polythionate as an intermediate.
Ammonium sulfide solution is an unstable salt.
Ammonium sulfide is a reagent that is used in large scale applications such as textile manufacture, the production of photographic developers, the application of patina to bronze, and trace metal analysis.
Additional applications of Ammonium sulfide include cell culture, organic chemical synthesis, and immunohistochemistry.
Ammonium sulfide is also used in continuous culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Ammonium sulfide has been utilized in a double staining technique for visualization of astrocytes and microglia from brain sections and astroglial cell cultures.
Ammonium sulfide is colorless to yellow solid below -18 deg C; Decomposes above this temperature.
Ammonium sulfide is available as colorless to yellow solution with an odor of rotten eggs.
Ammonium sulfide is 40-44% aqueous solution is yellow liquid with a stench.
Ammonium sulfide aqueous solution is a colorless to yellow liquid, with an odor of rotten eggs or ammonia.
Ammonium sulfide in aqueous from the hydrosulfide which with acid forms H2S.
Ammonium sulfide may burn and/or emit toxic fumes if heated to high temperatures.
Uses of Ammonium Sulfide:
The most common application of ammonium sulphide is in the manufacturing of photographic developers.
Ammonium sulfide is also widely used in the textile industry.
Ammonium sulfide is also used for the application of the patina to bronze which means a thin layer typically of green colour formed on the surface of bronze due to oxidation.
Ammonium sulfide is also used as an additive reagent in cigarettes in small quantities.
Furthermore, Ammonium sulfide is extensively used as a reducing agent, a property that can be understood from the ammonium sulphide formula in specific organic synthesis methodologies.
Ammonium sulfide, also known as diAmmonium sulfide, is an unstable salt with the formula (NH₄)₂S.
Aqueous solutions purporting to contain this salt are commercially available.
With a pKₐ exceeding 15, the hydrosulfide ion cannot be deprotonated to an appreciable amount by ammonia.
Thus, such solutions mainly consist of a mixture of ammonia and SH.
Ammonium sulfide solutions are used occasionally in photographic developing, to apply patina to bronze, and in textile manufacturing.
Also, due to its offensive smell, Ammonium sulfide is the active ingredient in a variety of foul pranks including the common stink bomb.
Ammonium sulfide is a colorless gas created by the reaction of hydrogen sulfide and ammonia.
Ammonium sulfide Solution is an unstable salt with the formula (NH4)2S.
Common uses of Ammonium sulfides are industrial applications including photo developing and textile manufacturing.
One uses Ammonium sulfide in a lot of things.
Mostly, Ammonium sulfide comes in use a lot when one wants to prank others.
Thus, if you wish to create a ‘stink bomb’, you may use Ammonium sulfide to do that.
Ammonium sulfide is an aqueous dilution of the compound.
When you will immerse that stink bomb in the water, Ammonium sulfide decomposes in ammonia and hydrogen sulfide.
Thus, that creates an unpleasant smell.
Similarly, one also uses Ammonium sulfide in developing photographs.
Ammonium sulfide is used as a patina which one can apply to bronze.
Further, Ammonium sulfide also comes in use during the textile procedures.
Not only that, but one can also use Ammonium sulfide in the form of a reducing agent in certain organic synthesis methodologies.
Ammonium sulfide, also known as the “stink bomb,” is a toxic chemical and has a very strong and unpleasant odour.
They are highly flammable and the Ammonium sulfide molecular formula is represented as follows (NH4)2S.
Treating ammonium hydroxide with an excess of hydrogen sulfide, ammonium hydrosulfide (NH4HS) is formed, which with further treatment with the same quantity of ammonia yields Ammonium sulfide.
Ammonium sulfide is used in the manufacture of photographic developers
Ammonium sulfide is used in the textile industry
Ammonium sulfide is used in the application of the patina to the bronze
Ammonium sulfide is used to apply patina to bronze, and in trace metal analysis.
Ammonium sulfide is used by the textile industry.
Industrial uses:
Ammonium sulfide is a liquid with an obnoxious odor and because of this, Ammonium sulfide is not normally used in mineral processing.
However, Ammonium sulfide is the most effective depressant for bornite and covellite.
Essentially, Ammonium sulfide dissolves excess sulfur from the mineral surface, that allows other depressants to adsorb onto the mineral surface.
Ammonium sulfide is used in copper–lead separation, from a bulk concentrate containing covellite and bornite, Ammonium sulfide can effectively be used together with cyanide.
Sources/Uses:
Ammonium sulfide is used to apply patina to bronze, for iron control in soda ash production, and to make ammonium thiosulfite.
Ammonium sulfide is also used in trace metal analysis, photographic developers, metallurgy, textiles, synthetic flavors, and "cold wave sets".
Ammonium sulfide is used to make surfactants and photocopy paper.
Chemical Industry:
Precursor for Other Chemicals:
Ammonium sulfide is used in the synthesis of various chemicals, including thiocyanates and other sulfide compounds.
Hydrogen Sulfide Source:
Ammonium sulfide serves as a source of hydrogen sulfide gas in certain chemical reactions.
Industrial Applications:
Leather Tanning:
Ammonium sulfide is used in the leather industry for tanning processes.
Textile Industry:
Ammonium sulfide can be involved in certain textile processing applications.
Mining:
Ore Processing:
Ammonium sulfide is used in flotation processes to separate sulfide ores from other minerals.
Laboratory Reagent:
Chemical Analysis:
Ammonium sulfide is used in laboratories for various analytical tests, including detecting metals.
Applications of Ammonium Sulfide:
Ammonium sulfide is a very useful reagent in various aspects ranging from large scale production of textile manufacture, trace metal analysis, patina to bronze, and as well as cell culture and organic reactions/synthesis.
Recently Ammonium sulfide has been used as a cleaning solution in the study of semiconductor growth on indium phosphide with various metals.
Ammonium sulfide is used to apply patina to bronze, in photographic developers, in textile manufacture, in trace metal analysis.
Ammonium sulfide solution may be used to enhance the performance of type-II InAs/GaSb super lattice photodiodes by surface passivation technique.
Ammonium sulfide aqueous solution is a colorless to yellow liquid, with an odor of rotten eggs or ammonia.
Material in aqueous from the hydrosulfide which with acid forms H2S.
Ammonium sulfide may be irritating to skin, eyes and mucous membranes and may cause illness from skin absorption.
Ammonium sulfide may burn and/or emit toxic fumes if heated to high temperatures.
Yellow crystals that are unstable at room temperature or in the presence of moisture.
Ammonium sulfide is sold commercially as a liquid that is primarily composed of ammonium bisulfide, NH4HS.
Ammonium sulfide is used in photographic developers, in the manufacture of textiles, and to produce a dark patina on brasses and bronzes.
Application Notes:
Ammonium sulfide is a reagent that is used in large scale applications such as textile manufacture, the production of photographic developers, the application of patina to bronze, and trace metal analysis.
Additional applications of Ammonium sulfide include cell culture, organic chemical synthesis, and immunohistochemistry.
Ammonium sulfide is also used in continuous culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Ammonium sulfide has been utilized in a double staining technique for visualization of astrocytes and microglia from brain sections and astroglial cell cultures.
Formula and Structure of Ammonium Sulfide:
The formula for Ammonium sulfide is written as (NH4)2S.
Similarly, the molar mass of Ammonium sulfide is 66.122 g mol-1.
If we talk about the formation of this molecule, we see that Ammonium sulfide forms with the help of 1 centred sulfur atom to which 2 ammonium cations NH4+ attach.
Further, one can write the chemical structure of the formula as below, in the common representations which we use for organic molecules.
Occurrence of Ammonium Sulfide:
Ammonium sulfide is proven that Ammonium sulfide does not naturally occur in nature as a free compound.
On the contrary, one must prepare it and the method for preparing Ammonium sulfide is as follows:
In order to prepare Ammonium sulfide, one needs to get the reaction of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide.
HS + exc NH3 → (NH4)2S
Properties of Ammonium Sulfide:
Physical Properties:
The compound of Ammonium sulfide is yellow-orange in colour.
At temperatures below -18 ºC, Ammonium sulfide is crystalline solid.
Further, if we talk about how Ammonium sulfide smells, it has quite an unpleasant smell which is similar to that of rotten eggs and ammonia odor.
Further, the melting point of Ammonium sulfide is 0 °C whereas the boiling point is 40 °C.
In addition to this, the density of Ammonium sulfide is 1 g mL-1.
Ammonium sulfide is also soluble with two things which are water and ethanol.
Similarly, the thing Ammonium sulfide is not soluble with is toluene, benzene, hexane, and ether.
Most importantly, Ammonium sulfide is unstable at temperatures that go higher than 0 ºC.
Ammonium sulfide is unstable, decomposes at ambient temperature.
Ammonium sulfide is forms yellow crystals below -18°C.
Ammonium sulfide is hygroscopic.
Ammonium sulfide is soluble in water and alcohol, very soluble in liquid ammonia.
Chemical Properties:
Ammonium sulfide is yellow to orange fuming liquid.
Ammonium sulfide is a yellow crystalline (sugar or sand-like) material, commonly found in liquid solution, which is flammable.
Ammonium sulfide is solution has an odor of rotten eggs.
The distinct ammonical/sulfurous odor of Ammonium sulfide makes it a valuable flavor ingredient.
Ammonium sulfide is used in baked goods, meat products, condiments and gravies.
Ammonium sulfide is not that hard to find and one can generally find it in mixtures with ammonia and hydrogen sulfide as because of which it suffers dissociation:
(NH4)2S → HS + NH3
General Properties:
The Ammonium sulfide is commonly known as a “stink bomb” because it is highly flammable and explosive in nature and has a very pungent smell or odour owing to Ammonium sulfide's constituents as can be determined from the formula of ammonium sulphide.
At temperatures above -18℃, the Ammonium sulfide compound exists in the form of crystals but exists as a liquid at room temperatures.
The crystals of Ammonium sulfide are generally seen yellow in colour.
The structural formula of Ammonium sulfide which is given below shows the arrangement of two ammonium ions around a central sulphur atom as can be known from the molecular formula of ammonium sulphide.
Ammonium sulphide is not produced naturally.
There are no known natural sources of ammonium sulphide.
This can also be because Ammonium sulfide is highly toxic and is dangerous to the environment.
Typically ammonium sulphide is formed by the treatment of ammonium hydroxide with excess hydrogen sulfide which can be gauged from the ammonium sulphide formula.
This forms ammonium hydrosulfide, NH4HS, as an intermediate product.
Further treating the above-obtained ammonium hydrosulfide with the same quantity of ammonia leads to the formation of Ammonium sulfide.
Due to this sometimes people also search the Ammonium sulfide chemical formula as ammonia sulfide formula, which is definitely a wrong name.
The ammonium sulphide equation or Ammonium sulfide equation for the above reaction can be given as:
The stink bomb that is the ammonium sulphide solution is generally made up of a solution of ammonium sulphide in water and sealed inside a glass ampoule (a small mini-bottle-like container used for secure storing of a liquid).
As the ampoule is broken ammonia and hydrogen sulfide gases are released from the solution giving a strong and unpleasant smell.
Ammonium sulfide decomposes at an ambient temperature.
Ammonium sulfide is soluble in water but more soluble in alcohol and highly soluble in liquid ammonia.
Ammonium sulfide is a highly toxic chemical and hence should be handled carefully.
Ammonium sulfide is highly corrosive in nature and as mentioned, dangerous for the environment.
Ammonium sulfide is known to cause irritation of the skin, eyes, and mucous.
The pungent odour can make someone feel nauseous.
Due to its high flammability, Ammonium sulfide is to be kept away from fire or other flammable liquids and substances as it can be disastrous.
Other compounds that have similar properties are ammonium polysulphides.
For example, Diammonium trisulphide is an ammonium polysulphide compound having two ammonium ions and three sulphide ions as constituents.
Hence, the ammonium polysulfide formula will be dependent on the number of sulfide ions present along with the ammonium ions.
Air & Water Reactions of Ammonium Sulfide:
Ammonium sulfide is readily oxidized to be pyrophoric in air.
Ammonium sulfide is slowly decomposed by moisture giving off hydrogen sulfide, a flammable gas.
Heat is generated when the pure compound is first dissolved in water.
Preparation of Ammonium Sulfide:
Produced by the reaction of hydrogen sulfide with excess ammonia.
Ammonium sulfide can be made by bubbling ammonia through an aqueous solution of hydrogen sulfide.
For higher purity, dry hydrogen sulfide is bubbled through anhydrous ammonia.
This procedure is very dangerous and should ONLY be performed in well ventilated areas, preferably in some place far away from civilization.
Handling and Storage of Ammonium Sulfide:
Handling:
Use in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of fumes.
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves and eye protection.
Avoid direct contact with skin and eyes.
Handle with care to prevent spillage or accidental release.
Storage:
Store in tightly sealed, corrosion-resistant containers.
Keep in a cool, dry place, away from heat, acids, and oxidizing agents.
Ensure proper ventilation in storage areas to prevent accumulation of hazardous gases.
Stability and Reactivity of Ammonium Sulfide:
Stability:
Stable under normal conditions but decomposes upon heating or exposure to acids.
Reactivity:
Acids:
Reacts to release hydrogen sulfide gas (H₂S) and ammonium salts.
Oxidizing Agents:
Can react violently with strong oxidizers, potentially leading to oxidation reactions.
Heat:
Decomposes when heated, releasing toxic gases such as hydrogen sulfide and ammonia.
First Aid Measures of Ammonium Sulfide:
Inhalation:
Move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
Seek medical attention if symptoms persist or if significant exposure occurs.
Skin Contact:
Rinse affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
Remove contaminated clothing and seek medical attention if irritation develops.
Eye Contact:
Rinse eyes with water for at least 15 minutes, lifting eyelids occasionally.
Seek medical attention immediately.
Ingestion:
Do not induce vomiting.
Rinse mouth with water and seek medical attention immediately.
Fire Fighting Measures of Ammonium Sulfide:
Extinguishing Media:
Use water spray, dry chemical, or foam.
Water may be effective in cooling the containers and preventing spread but may not extinguish fires caused by Ammonium sulfide.
Fire Fighting Instructions:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and full protective gear.
Cool containers with water spray to prevent rupture due to heat.
Accidental Release Measures of Ammonium Sulfide:
Personal Precautions:
Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves, goggles, and respiratory protection.
Avoid inhaling fumes and contact with skin.
Environmental Precautions:
Prevent spillages from entering drains, sewers, or bodies of water.
Cleanup:
Contain and absorb the spill with inert materials (e.g., sand, clay).
Collect and dispose of the waste according to local regulations.
Ventilate the area to disperse any remaining gases.
Exposure Controls / Personal Protective Equipment of Ammonium Sulfide:
Exposure Limits:
Follow local regulations and guidelines for permissible exposure limits to hydrogen sulfide and ammonia.
Engineering Controls:
Use local exhaust ventilation or a fume hood to prevent inhalation of fumes.
Personal Protective Equipment:
Respiratory Protection:
Use a suitable respirator with appropriate filters if ventilation is insufficient.
Gloves:
Wear chemical-resistant gloves to protect against skin contact.
Eye Protection:
Use safety goggles or face shields.
Clothing:
Wear protective clothing and boots to prevent skin exposure.
Identifiers of Ammonium Sulfide:
Chemical Name: Ammonium sulfide solution 40-48% wt. in H2O
Synonyms: Ammonium monosulfide; DiAmmonium sulfide;
CAS Number: 12135-76-1
Molecular Formula: H₈N₂S
Molecular Weight: 68.14
Category: BBuilding Blocks; Inorganics;
EC / List no.: 235-223-4
CAS no.: 12135-76-1
Mol. formula: H8N2S
Properties of Ammonium Sulfide:
Appearance: Yellow to brownish liquid or solid.
Odor: Strong, unpleasant smell like rotten eggs.
Density: Approximately 1.1 to 1.2 g/cm³ for aqueous solutions.
Melting Point: Decomposes rather than melts.
Boiling Point: Decomposes before boiling.
Chemical Formula: (NH₄)₂S
Solubility: Highly soluble in water.
pH: Basic, typically pH 9 to 11.
Reactivity: Reacts with acids to release hydrogen sulfide gas; decomposes upon heating.
Specifications of Ammonium Sulfide:
Appearance: Yellow to brownish solution or solid (if in crystalline form).
Odor: Strong, unpleasant smell (reminiscent of rotten eggs).
Density: Approximately 1.1 to 1.2 g/cm³ for aqueous solutions.
Chemical Specifications
Chemical Formula: (NH₄)₂S
Purity: Typically around 30% to 40% Ammonium sulfide by weight in aqueous solutions, though this can vary. For solid forms, purity can be higher.
pH: Usually between 9 and 11 for aqueous solutions. This indicates basicity.
Solubility: Highly soluble in water.
Names of Ammonium Sulfide:
IUPAC Names:
Ammonium sulfide
Ammonium sulfide((NH4)(SH))
Ammonium sulphide
ammonium sulphide
Amonio Sulfuro
diammonium sulfanediide
thioxoammonium
