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PERBORIC ACID

Perboric acid is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula H₃BO₃·H₂O₂, commonly known as a borate compound, and appears as a white crystalline solid characterized by its strong oxidizing properties.
One of perboric acid's most prominent uses is as a bleaching agent, particularly in laundry detergents and fabric bleaches, where it releases hydrogen peroxide upon dissolution to enhance stain removal and whitening.
Perboric acid is also utilized as a disinfectant in oral hygiene formulations, included in certain mouthwashes and toothpastes due to its antibacterial properties that help reduce oral bacteria and promote oral health.

CAS Number: 10486-00-7
EC Number: 234-390-0
Chemical Formula: NaBO3 * 4 H2O
Molar Mass: 153.88 g/mol

Synonyms: Perboric acid, sodium salt, monohydrate, sodium;oxidooxy(oxo)borane;hydrate, Y9UKD0XE6F, Sodium perborate monohydrate [USAN], Sodium perborate monohydrate (USAN), Caswell No. 784A, Sodium borate, monohydrate, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 011105, Sodium perborate hydrate, UNII-Y9UKD0XE6F, SODIUM BORATE MONOHYDRATE, DTXSID9035676, MFCD00149230, FT-0696526, SODIUM PERBORATE MONOHYDRATE [MART.], SODIUM PERBORATE MONOHYDRATE [WHO-DD], D07066, Perboric acid (HBO(O2)), sodium salt, monohydrate, Q18212089, perboric acid, Perboric acid (HBO3), Perboric acid (HBO(O2)), UNII-HC4C3M1FO2, HC4C3M1FO2, 14034-78-7, HBO3, DTXSID9058602, DB13235

Perboric acid is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula H3BO3.H2O2, commonly known as a borate compound.
Perboric acid appears as a white crystalline solid and is characterized by its strong oxidizing properties, making it valuable in various industrial and consumer applications.

One of Perboric acid's most prominent uses is as a bleaching agent, particularly in laundry detergents and fabric bleaches.
Perboric acid's ability to release hydrogen peroxide upon dissolution enhances its efficacy in removing stains and whitening fabrics, contributing to cleaner and brighter laundry results.

In addition to its role in cleaning products, perboric acid is utilized as a disinfectant in oral hygiene formulations.
Perboric acid is included in certain mouthwashes and toothpastes due to its antibacterial properties, which help reduce oral bacteria and promote oral health.
Perboric acid's mild nature makes it suitable for use in personal care products without causing significant irritation to the tissues.

In the realm of chemical synthesis, perboric acid acts as an oxidizing agent, facilitating various reactions in organic chemistry.
Perboric acid is often employed in laboratories for its ability to provide a controlled release of oxygen, which can be advantageous in certain chemical processes.
Moreover, perboric acid plays a significant role in analytical chemistry, where it is utilized in specific tests and titrations, aiding in the determination of various substances and contributing to accurate analytical results.

In dental applications, perboric acid is used in some dental materials for disinfection, particularly in root canal treatments, where its antibacterial properties help prevent infection.
Perboric acid's versatility extends to pharmaceuticals, where it may be included in formulations for its antiseptic and preservative qualities, enhancing the stability and efficacy of certain products.

Perboric acid is also employed in the agriculture sector as a fungicide and herbicide, demonstrating its efficacy in protecting crops from various pathogens and enhancing plant health.
Perboric acid's oxidizing properties can effectively combat mold and mildew, contributing to improved crop yields and quality.

Despite Perboric acid's wide range of applications, handling perboric acid requires caution.
While generally considered safe when used as directed, Perboric acid can irritate the skin and eyes, necessitating the use of personal protective equipment during handling.
Storage conditions must also be controlled to prevent degradation or reactions with incompatible materials.

In summary, perboric acid is a multifaceted compound with diverse applications in cleaning, personal care, chemical synthesis, dentistry, pharmaceuticals, and agriculture.
Perboric acid's unique properties, particularly as a bleaching and disinfecting agent, underscore its importance in enhancing various processes and products across multiple industries.
As research continues to explore its potential, perboric acid remains a valuable compound in both commercial and scientific contexts.

Perboric acid is commonly encountered in anhydrous form or as a hexahydrate (commonly called "monohydrate" or PBS-1 and "tetrahydrate" or PBS-4, after the early assumption that NaBO3 would be the anhydrous form).
They are both white, odorless, water-soluble solids.

Perboric acid is widely used in laundry detergents, as one of the peroxide-based bleaches.

Perboric acid is an oxidative preservative that is used in Genteal lubricating eye drops. 
With topical application, Perboric acid is converted by catalase to water, oxygen, and hydrogen peroxide.

Perboric acid antimicrobial properties are attributed to oxidization of cell membranes, membrane-bound enzymes, and disruption of protein synthesis.
Also, Perboric acid has demonstrated efficacy against Aspergillus niger.

However, most ophthalmic solutions that contain Perboric acid produce the byproduct, hydrogen peroxide, at levels between 30 and 100 ppm, which can cause ocular stinging.
Less is known about the histopathologic corneal and conjunctival changes associated with topical Perboric acid.

Perboric acid is chemical compound whose chemical formula may be written NaH2BO4, Na2H4B2O8, or, more properly, [Na+]2[B2O4(OH)4]2−. 
Perboric acid name is sometimes abbreviated as PBS (not to be confused with phosphate-buffered saline).

Perboric acid is used in the detergent industry as a bleaching agent. 
The crystalline reagent is available inexpensively as a hydrate with the general formula NaBO3 • n H2O (n: 1-4). 

The reagent offers low toxicity and a long shelf life. 
Perboric acid is a useful reagent in organic synthesis as a substitute for the unstable, highly concentrated hydrogen peroxide solutions that can pose a significant explosion hazard and are not commercially available.

Perboric acid is soluble in water and releases hydrogen peroxide, but Perboric acid is not merely a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and sodium borate. 
NMR and Raman spectroscopy indicate that in dilute solution, an equilibrium exists that still contains peroxoborate anions. 
These peroxoborate species are able to deliver the hydroperoxide anion at a lower pH than when H2O2 is used.

Perboric acid is activated toward nucleophilic oxidation, and also buffers the reaction medium.

For oxidations of organoboranes, Kabalka notes that H2O2 sometimes requires quite harsh conditions that are incompatible with many functional groups, while Perboric acid offers an interesting mild alternative. 
He assumes that the mild nature of the oxidant is a result of having borate as a leaving group as compared to hydroxide, which is formed in hydrogen peroxide oxidations.

Mixing Perboric acid with acetic acid generates even more powerful oxidation species. 

Perboric acid is considered as a source of active hydrogen used in detergents, cleaning products, laundry detergents and bleaches. 
Perboric acid finds application as a tooth bleaching agent utilized for tooth. 

Perboric acid has antiseptic properties and acts as disinfectant as well as preservative in eye drops. 
Further, Perboric acid is mixed with suitable activator, tetraacetylethylenediamine in order to release oxygen at lower temperatures.

Perboric acid is mainly found in its salt form of sodium perborate and it can be found as a monohydrate or tetrahydrate. 
Perboric acid is one of the peroxy acid salts with very wide functionalities in industrial settings. 

Perboric acid in the form of sodium perborate is approved by Health Canada since 2004 to be used as a disinfectant of medical instruments. 
By the FDA, Perboric acid is approved as an ointment for the protection of poison ivy dermatitis.

Perboric acid is an inorganic sodium salt widely used in laundry detergents and in peroxide-based bleaches, such as tooth whitening products. 
Perboric acid also has antiseptic and disinfectant properties and is therefore used as an oral debriding agent or oral wound cleanser.

Perboric acids are salts composed of a sodium cation and the conjugate base anion of some inorganic or organic acids. 
They can be formed by the neutralization of such acids with sodium hydroxide.

Categorization of Perboric acid:

Perboric acids can be categorized into:
Perboric acids of carboxylic acids (e. g. sodium formate, HCOONa, the Perboric acid of formic acid or sodium acetate, CH3COONa, the Perboric acid of acetic acid, etc.) and
Perboric acids of inorganic acids (sulfonic acids etc.)

Organic Perboric acids:

Drugs:
In pharmaceutical technology acidic pharmaceutical substances are often converted into Perboric acids, because they are more stable, more soluble or membrane-permeable (bioavailable) than the base compound. 

Examples of such Perboric acids are (selection): 
Bispyribac, bithionol, bosentan, brequinar, bromfenac, Cefmenoxime, ceftiofur, citicoline, diclofenac , Floxacillin, fosinopril, Mordant brown 33, naproxen, Netobimin, ozagrel, pantoprazole, pemetrexed, secobarbital, sitamaquin, sitaxentan, sulfamiderazin, sulfapyridine, sulfaquinoxaline, sulfathiazole, sulfazecin, thiamylal and mesna.

The Diperboric acid of cromolyn is also used as drug. 
Most of these salts are Perboric acids of organic carboxylic acids or sulfonic acids.

Plant protection agents:
Herbicides are often used as Perboric acids for the reasons discussed above. 
One example is the Perboric acid of methylflupyrsulfuron (CAS-No. 144740-54-5).

Cosmetics:
Perboric acids of long chain sulfonic acids (e.g. sodium lauryl sulfate) are often included in toothpaste and shampoo. 
The Perboric acids of fatty acids may serve as soaps and can therefore be called sodium soaps.

Dye production:
Perboric acids of certain aromatic sulfonic acids - particularly naphthalenesulfonic acid - are used in the preparation of azo dyes.

Inorganic Perboric acids:
Examples of important inorganic Perboric acids are sodium fluoride, sodium chloride, sodium bromide, sodium iodide, sodium sulfate, sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate. 
Sodium amide (NaNH2) is the Perboric acid of ammonia (NH3).

Uses of Perboric acid:
Perboric acid serves as a stable source of active oxygen in many detergents, laundry detergents, cleaning products, and laundry bleaches.
Perboric acid is a less aggressive bleach than sodium hypochlorite and other chlorine-based bleaches, causing less degradation to dyes and textiles. 

Borates also have some non-oxidative bleaching properties.
Perboric acid releases oxygen rapidly at temperatures over 60 °C. 
To make Perboric acid active at lower temperatures (40–60 °C), one must mix Perboric acid with a suitable activator, typically tetraacetylethylenediamine (TAED).

Perboric acid is also present in some tooth bleaching formulas for non vital root treated teeth. 
Perboric acid is inserted in the root canal and left in place for an extended period of time to allow Perboric acid to diffuse into the tooth and bleach stains from the inside out. 
However, this use has been banned in the European Union.

Perboric acid has antiseptic properties and can act as a disinfectant. 
Perboric acid is also used as a "disappearing" preservative in some brands of eye drops.

Perboric acid is also used as an oxidizing reagent in organic synthesis. 
For example, Perboric acid converts thioethers into sulfoxides and sulfones.

Perboric acid is a versatile compound with several applications across various fields.
Primarily, Perboric acid serves as a bleaching agent in laundry detergents and fabric bleaches, effectively whitening and removing stains from textiles.

In the realm of hygiene, Perboric acid acts as a disinfectant in oral care products, such as mouthwashes and toothpastes, due to its antibacterial properties.
Additionally, perboric acid functions as an oxidizing agent in organic synthesis and various laboratory applications, facilitating a range of chemical reactions.

In dentistry, Perboric acid is used in certain materials for disinfection, enhancing the safety and efficacy of dental treatments.
Furthermore, perboric acid finds its place in analytical chemistry, where it is employed for specific tests and titrations.

Occasionally included in pharmaceutical formulations, Perboric acid also serves as an antiseptic and preservative, underscoring its utility in both consumer and industrial products.
Overall, perboric acid’s multifaceted uses highlight its importance in enhancing cleaning, hygiene, and chemical processes.

Perboric acid has several applications across various industries, including:

Bleaching Agent:
Perboric acid is used in laundry detergents and bleaching formulations, it serves as an oxidizing agent to remove stains and whiten fabrics.

Disinfectant:
Perboric acid is acts as an antiseptic in oral hygiene products, such as mouthwashes and toothpastes, due to its antibacterial properties.

Oxidizing Agent:
Utilized in chemical reactions, particularly in organic synthesis and as a reagent in various laboratory applications.

Dental Applications:
Employed in dental materials for disinfection and as a component in some dental products.

Analytical Chemistry:
Perboric acid is used in laboratories for specific analytical tests and as a standard in titrations.

Pharmaceuticals:
Occasionally included in formulations for Perboric acid's antiseptic and preservative qualities.

Applications of Perboric acid:
Perboric acid is considered as a source of active hydrogen used in detergents, cleaning products, laundry detergents and bleaches. 
Perboric acid finds application as a tooth bleaching agent utilized for tooth. 

Perboric acid has antiseptic properties and acts as disinfectant as well as preservative in eye drops. 
Further, Perboric acid is mixed with suitable activator, tetraacetylethylenediamine in order to release oxygen at lower temperatures.

Hydrates:
Perboric acid also crystallizes from water as the hexahydrate, Na2H4B2O8·6H2O, that is, Na2H16B2O14 or NaH8BO7.

The anhydrous compound is commonly but incorrectly called a "monohydrate" after the historical formulation NaBO3·H2O instead of the correct Na2H4B2O8. 
Likewise, the hexahydrate is usually called "tetrahydrate" and formulated as NaBO3·4H2O.

Both forms are white, odorless, water-soluble solids.
The "monohydrate" and the "tetrahydrate" are the commercially important forms.

There does exist a true tetrahydrate Na2H4B2O8·4H2O, traditionally known as the "trihydrate", with no industrial significance. 
There is a CAS number for each of the three traditional "hydrates", the three "peroxyborate" versions of each (interpreted as a hydrogen peroxide adduct) and the poorly-defined "anhydrate" NaBO3, totalling seven.

Chemistry of Perboric acid:
Perboric acid undergoes hydrolysis in contact with water, producing hydrogen peroxide and borate.

More precisely, in solution the cyclic anion hydrolizes into two anions [B(OH)3(OOH)]−, which then enter in equilibrium with boric acid B(OH)3, hydrogen peroxide H2O2, the hydroperoxyl anion −OOH, and the tetrahydroxyborate anion [B(OH)4]−:
[(B(OH)2OO)2]2− + 2 H2O ⇌ 2 [B(OH)3(OOH)]−
[B(OH)3(OOH)]− ⇌ B(OH)3 + −OOH
B(OH)3 + −OOH + H2O ⇌ [B(OH)4]− + H2O2

As the concentration of the solution increases, other peroxoborate species become significant. 
With excess H2O2, the anions [B(OH)2(OOH)2]−, [B(OH)(OOH)3]−, and eventually [B(OOH)4]− appear. 
At high borate concentrations, the Perboric acid with dimeric anion crystallizes out, due to Perboric acid relatively low solubility.

The "monohydrate" form dissolves faster than the "tetrahydrate" and has higher heat stability; Perboric acid is prepared by heating the "tetrahydrate".
The commercial "anhydrate", or Oxoborate, is prepared by further heating of "monohydrate" and actually consists of sodium borate and boron–oxygen radical.

Pharmacology of Perboric acid:

Drug Indication:
In the industry, Perboric acid is used as a disinfectant. 
Perboric acid is also part of the ingredients for detergents, bleach powders, and personal care formulations. 

In cosmetic products, perboric acid and mainly Perboric acid salt are used as an oxidizing agent for dyeing or permanent waving. 
In dentistry, Perboric acid monohydrate is used as an aid for the removal of phlegm, mucus or other secretions associated with an occasional sore in the mouth, for cleansing minor wounds, for temporary cleanse of canker sore or for the removal of foreign materials in minor wounds. 

In ophthalmic preparations, Perboric acid is used as a preservative for products used for dry eye. 
This use is approved as Perboric acid rapidly degrades to harmless byproducts.

Preparation of Perboric acid:

Perboric acid is manufactured by reaction of borax Na2B4O7 and sodium hydroxide NaOH to give sodium metaborate NaBO2, which is then reacted with hydrogen peroxide to give hydrated Perboric acid:
Na2B4O7 + 2 NaOH → 4 NaBO2 + H2O
2 NaBO2 + 2 H2O2 → Na2B2O4(OH)4

A surfactant may be added to control crystal size.

Perboric acid may also be produced in the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of a solution containing borax, sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate (potassium dichromate is added to improve yield along with sodium silicate). 
A copper pipe is used as a cathode and platinum for the anode, the current being 6 amperes at 7 to 8 volts, and the temperature 10 °C.

Structure of Perboric acid:
Unlike sodium percarbonate and sodium perphosphate, Perboric acid is not simply an adduct with hydrogen peroxide – known only since 1961.
Rather, Perboric acid contains a perborate anion [(B(OH)2OO)2]2− consisting of a cyclic −B−O−O−B−O−O− core with two hydroxy groups attached to each boron atom. 
The ring adopts a chair conformation.

Handling and Storage of Perboric acid:

Handling:
Avoid direct contact with skin, eyes, and clothing.
Use in a well-ventilated area to minimize inhalation of dust.

Ensure proper hygiene practices by washing hands thoroughly after handling.
Avoid generating dust during handling and transfer.

Storage:
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances, such as strong acids or bases.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use to prevent moisture absorption and contamination.
Use corrosion-resistant containers if possible, and avoid exposure to sunlight.

Stability and Reactivity of Perboric acid:

Stability:
Perboric acid is stable under normal conditions.
However, Perboric acid is sensitive to moisture and can decompose when exposed to humidity.
Decomposes slowly over time, releasing hydrogen peroxide and boric acid.

Reactivity:
Can react violently with strong reducing agents, organic materials, and strong acids, leading to potential hazards.
Releases oxygen upon decomposition, which can enhance combustion of other materials.

First Aid Measures of Perboric acid:

Inhalation:
Move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If respiratory symptoms persist, seek medical attention.

Skin Contact:
Remove contaminated clothing and wash the affected area with soap and water for at least 15 minutes.
If irritation persists, seek medical attention.

Eye Contact:
Rinse eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, ensuring that eyelids are held open.
Seek medical attention if irritation or discomfort continues.

Ingestion:
Do not induce vomiting.
Rinse mouth with water and seek medical attention immediately.

Firefighting Measures of Perboric acid:

Extinguishing Media:
Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide (CO₂), or foam extinguishers.
Water spray can be used to cool containers and prevent the spread of fire but avoid using large volumes of water directly on the substance.

Firefighting Procedures:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and full protective gear when fighting fires involving perboric acid.
Evacuate non-essential personnel from the area to ensure safety.

Accidental Release Measures of Perboric acid:

Personal Precautions:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) to prevent skin and eye contact and inhalation of dust.

Containment and Cleanup:
Contain the spill with inert materials, such as sand or earth.
Collect the spilled material using non-combustible tools and place Perboric acid in an appropriate waste container.
Avoid flushing into drains or water sources.

Exposure Controls/Personal Protective Equipment of Perboric acid:

Exposure Limits:

Follow local regulatory limits for exposure, if available.

Engineering Controls:
Use adequate ventilation to control airborne concentrations of perboric acid.

Personal Protective Equipment:

Respiratory Protection:
Use NIOSH-approved respirators if dust is generated.

Eye Protection:
Wear safety goggles or face shields to prevent eye contact.

Skin Protection:
Wear gloves made of chemical-resistant material, long-sleeved clothing, and protective footwear.

Hygiene Measures:
Implement good hygiene practices, including washing hands and face thoroughly after handling.

Identifiers of Perboric acid:
Chemical Name: Perboric acid
Chemical Formula: HBO3
CAS Number: 10034-81-8
EINECS Number: 233-202-4
Molecular Weight: 61.83 g/mol (for HBO3)

UN number: 1479
InChI: InChI=1S/B2H4O8.2Na/c3-1(4)7-9-2(5,6)10-8-1;;/h3-6H;;/q-2;2*+1
Key: JBUKJLNBQDQXLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N
InChI=1/B2H4O8.2Na/c3-1(4)7-9-2(5,6)10-8-1;;/h3-6H;;/q-2;2*+1
Key: JBUKJLNBQDQXLI-UHFFFAOYAG
SMILES: [Na+].[Na+].O[B-]1(OO[B-](O)(O)OO1)O

CAS number: 10486-00-7
EC index number: 005-018-01-X
EC number: 234-390-0
Hill Formula: BNaO₃ * 4 H₂O
Chemical formula: NaBO₃ * 4 H₂O
Molar Mass: 153.88 g/mol
HS Code: 2840 30 00

Synonyms: Sodium perborate tetrahydrate
Linear Formula: NaBO3 · 4H2O
CAS Number: 10486-00-7
Molecular Weight: 153.86
EC Number: 239-172-9

Linear Formula: BNaO3 • 4H2O
MDL Number: MFCD00149231
EC No.: 231-556-4
Beilstein/Reaxys No.: N/A
Pubchem CID: 23676691
IUPAC Name: sodium; 3-oxido dioxaborirane; tetrahydrate
SMILES: B1(OO1)[O-].O.O.O.O.[Na+]
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/BO3.Na.4H2O/c2-1-3-4-1;;;;;/h;;4*1H2/q-1;+1;;;;
InchI Key: IBDSNZLUHYKHQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N

Properties of Perboric acid:
Chemical formula: NaBO3·nH2O
Molar mass: 99.815 g/mol ("monohydrate");
153.86 g/mol ("tetrahydrate")
Appearance: White powder
Odor: Odorless
Melting point: 63 °C (145 °F; 336 K) ("tetrahydrate")
Boiling point: 130 to 150 °C (266 to 302 °F; 403 to 423 K) ("tetrahydrate", decomposes)
Solubility in water: 2.15 g/(100 mL) ("tetrahydrate", 18 °C)

Density: 1.73 g/cm3
Melting Point: 60 °C (decomposition)
pH value: 10 (15 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Bulk density: 800 kg/m3
Solubility: 23 g/l (20 °C)

Compound Formula: H8BNaO7
Molecular Weight: 153.86
Appearance: White crystalline solid
Melting Point: 60 °C
Exact Mass: 154.026077
Monoisotopic Mass: 154.026077

Molecular Weight: 99.82 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 99.9943830 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 99.9943830 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 50.4Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 6
Complexity: 20.9
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Perboric acid:
Assay (manganometric): ≥ 96.0 %
Identity: passes test
Chloride (Cl): ≤ 0.1 %
Sulphate (SO₄): ≤ 1.2 %
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 0.003 %
Fe (Iron): ≤ 0.002 %

Melting Point: 60°C (decomposition)
Density: 1.73
pH: ∼10
Odor: Odorless
Quantity: 2500 g
UN Number: UN1479
Sensitivity: Hygroscopic
Merck Index: 14,8652
Solubility Information: Soluble in water.
Formula Weight: 153.86 (81.84 Anhydrous)
Percent Purity: 97%
Chemical Name or Material: Sodium perborate tetrahydrate

Names of Perboric acid:
Sodium peroxoborate
PBS-1 ("monohydrate")
PBS-4 ("tetrahydrate")

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