ISOPHORONE DIAMINE
Isophorone diamine-based coatings and materials exhibit excellent color stability and resistance to yellowing, even when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and outdoor weathering.
Isophorone diamine contributes to the flexibility and resilience of polyurethane and polyurea materials, even at low temperatures, which is beneficial for applications in cold climates or refrigerated environments.
Isophorone diamine is a cross-linker for epoxy resins, improving the hydrophobicity of the resins and reducing sensitivity to humidity during film formation.
CAS Number: 2855-13-2
EC Number: 220-666-8
Molecular Formula: C10H22N2
Molecular Weight: 170.3
Synonyms: Isophorone diamine, 2855-13-2, Isophoronediamine, Isophorondiamine, 3-Aminomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexylamine, Cyclohexanemethanamine, 5-amino-1,3,3-trimethyl-, 3-(Aminomethyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexanamine, 3-(aminomethyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexan-1-amine, 5-Amino-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexanemethylamine, Cyclohexanemethylamine, 5-amino-1,3,3-trimethyl-, DTXSID6027503, 1-Amino-3-aminomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane, DTXCID907503, CAS-2855-13-2, IPDA, CCRIS 6680, HSDB 4058, EINECS 220-666-8, UN2289, UNII-X5WYA841BU, Vestamin IPD, Araldite HY 5083, EC 220-666-8, X5WYA841BU, SCHEMBL15383, SCHEMBL8745864, CHEMBL1876029, Tox21_201401, Tox21_303122, MFCD00019397, AKOS000120367, MCULE-8499525000, UN 2289, NCGC00164044-01, NCGC00164044-02, NCGC00257083-01, NCGC00258952-01, LS-13908, Isophoronediamine [UN2289] [Corrosive], I0228, NS00010871, 3,3,5-Trimethyl-5-aminomethylcyclohexylamine, 5-Amino-1,3,3-trimethylcyclohexanemethanamine, EN300-20211, 3-Aminomethyl-3,5,5-trimethyl cyclohexylamine, 1,3,3-Trimethyl-1-aminomethyl-5-aminocyclohexane, 1-Amino-3,3,5-trimethyl-5-aminomethylcyclohexane, 3-(Aminomethyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexanamine #, 1-amino-3,3,5-trimethyl-5-aminomethyl cyclohexane, 1-amino-3-aminomethyl-3,5,5-trimethyl cyclohexane, 1-aminomethyl-5-amino-1,3,3-trimethyl cyclohexane, J-017123, Q1674522, 1-Amino-3-(aminomethyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexane, F2191-0270
Isophorone diamine is a strong sensitizer and can cause airborne contact dermatitis.
Isophorone diamine is made from isophorone nitrile, ammonia, and hydrogen, which leads to simultaneous imination and hydrogenation of the resulting imine and nitrile groups.
Isophorone diamine is an organic compound with the chemical formula C9H20N2.
Isophorone diamine is a diamine, which means it contains two amino groups (-NH2) attached to a cycloaliphatic structure.
The molecule consists of a cyclohexane ring with two methyl groups (CH3) and two amino groups attached to it.
Isophorone diamine is widely used as an epoxy-resin hardener.
Isophorone diamine is a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a faint odor.
Isophorone diamine is soluble in common organic solvents such as alcohols, ethers, and ketones but has limited solubility in water.
Isophorone diamine is primarily used as a curing agent or hardener in the production of polyurethane coatings, adhesives, and elastomers.
In polyurethane chemistry, Isophorone diamine reacts with isocyanates to form urethane linkages, which crosslink the polymer chains and give the material its final cured properties.
The addition of Isophorone diamine can improve the mechanical strength, chemical resistance, and thermal stability of polyurethane products.
Isophorone diamine is a chemical compound and specifically a diamine with the formula (CH3)3C6H7(NH2)(CH2NH2).
Isophorone diamine is a colorless liquid.
Isophorone diamine is a precursor to polymers and coatings.
Isophorone diamine is usually produced as a mixture of the cis- and trans-isomers.
Isophorone diamine is produced by hydrocyanation of isophorone followed by reductive amination and hydrogenation of the nitrile.
Isophorone diamine is an organic compound in the class known as isocyanates.
More specifically, Isophorone diamine is an aliphatic diisocyanate.
Isophorone diamine appears as a clear to light-yellow, water soluble liquid.
Generally used as an intermediate for preparation of other chemicals.
Isophorone diamine by DuPont is a curing agent.
Isophorone diamine is a mixture of cis and trans isomers.
Isophorone diamine is used in the manufacturing of diisocyanates, composites and polyamides.
Isophorone diamine is suitable for flooring, paving aggregates and other epoxy coatings and resins.
Isophorone diamine is a specialty chemical used in various applications such as coatings, adhesives, and elastomers.
The market for Isophorone diamine is expected to grow at a CAGR of % during the forecasted period, driven by the increasing demand for high-performance coatings in industries such as automotive, construction, and electronics.
Isophorone diamine is a chemical compound that has garnered attention due to its applications in various fields, including materials science and bio-imaging.
The compound is derived from Isophorone diamine and has been the subject of research for its synthesis and potential uses.
Isophorone diamine is a mixture of two stereo-isomers of 3-aminomethyl-3, 5, 5-trimethylcyclohexylamine, and is a colorless to yellow low viscosity liquid with a faint amine odor.
Isophorone diamine is commonly used as a component in polyurea coatings, which are known for their fast curing time and exceptional mechanical properties.
Polyurea coatings formulated with Isophorone diamine exhibit high abrasion resistance, impact resistance, and chemical resistance, making them suitable for demanding applications such as industrial flooring, tank linings, and secondary containment.
In the automotive and aerospace industries, Isophorone diamine-based coatings are utilized for protecting fuel tanks from corrosion and chemical attack.
These coatings provide a barrier against fuel leakage, preventing environmental contamination and ensuring the integrity and safety of fuel storage systems.
Isophorone diamine is often incorporated into epoxy primer formulations designed for anti-corrosion applications.
Epoxy primers containing Isophorone diamine offer excellent adhesion to metal substrates and provide a protective barrier against corrosion, enhancing the durability and longevity of coated surfaces in aggressive environments.
Isophorone diamine is used in the manufacture of waterproofing membranes, which are applied to building structures to prevent water infiltration and moisture damage.
Polyurethane and polyurea membranes cured with Isophorone diamine offer superior waterproofing properties and are used in roofing systems, underground structures, and civil engineering projects.
Isophorone diamine-based polyurethane grouts are employed in soil stabilization and ground improvement applications.
These chemical grouts are injected into the ground to fill voids, seal cracks, and strengthen soil, providing structural support and preventing soil erosion in construction projects such as tunnels, foundations, and retaining walls.
Isophorone diamine is used in the production of composite materials, where it serves as a curing agent for epoxy and polyester resins.
These composites are reinforced with fibers such as fiberglass, carbon fiber, or aramid to create lightweight and high-strength components for aerospace, marine, sporting goods, and automotive applications.
Isophorone diamine-based polymers have potential applications in the biomedical field, including tissue engineering, drug delivery, and medical device coatings.
Biocompatible polyurethane and polyurea materials cured with Isophorone diamine may be used in implants, scaffolds, wound dressings, and controlled-release systems for pharmaceuticals.
Ongoing research and development efforts focus on exploring new formulations and applications for Isophorone diamine in various industries.
This includes optimizing curing processes, improving material properties, and developing environmentally friendly alternatives to traditional formulations.
Isophorone diamine is a cycloaliphatic diamine made by chemical reaction of isophorone, a mixture of two isomers of 3-aminomethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexylamine.
Isophorone diamine is a colorless, low viscosity liquid with a slight ammonia odor.
As a cycloaliphatic diamine, Isophorone diamine can be used in all common amine reactions.
Under certain conditions, Isophorone diamine is particularly suitable for reaction with phosgene, aldehydes, ketones and epoxides.
Isophorone diamine can be mixed with a large amount of compounds such as water, alcohols, esters, ethers, and aliphatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons in any ratio at room temperature.
As a cycloaliphatic diamine, Isophorone diamine is a curing agent that can react with epoxy at room temperature and can also contribute to this reaction under suitable conditions.
There are special advantages to use Isophorone diamine as a liquid, solvent-free and construction industry as well as curing agents for casting resins and casting sealants.
Isophorone diamine will exhibit a high hardness and deflection temperature under load, in addition to good color stability and chemical resistance.
Isophorone diamine-based coatings and materials are known for their resistance to various fuels, oils, and solvents.
This property makes them suitable for applications in fuel storage, transportation, and handling, where exposure to hydrocarbons is common.
Isophorone diamine-containing formulations provide long-term protection against fuel degradation and permeation.
Isophorone diamine contributes to the flexibility and resilience of polyurethane and polyurea materials, even at low temperatures.
This characteristic is particularly beneficial in applications where the material needs to withstand temperature fluctuations without losing Isophorone diamine's mechanical properties, such as in cold climates or refrigerated environments.
Isophorone diamine-based coatings and materials are utilized in aerospace and defense applications due to their high-performance characteristics.
These include aircraft coatings, missile components, protective coatings for military vehicles, and structural adhesives for aerospace assemblies.
Isophorone diamine's combination of durability, chemical resistance, and thermal stability meets the stringent requirements of aerospace and defense industries.
Isophorone diamine is used in architectural coatings for protecting and enhancing building exteriors and interiors.
These coatings provide decorative finishes, weatherproofing, and protection against UV radiation, moisture, and pollutants.
Isophorone diamine-containing coatings contribute to the longevity and aesthetics of architectural surfaces, including concrete, metal, and wood substrates.
With growing emphasis on environmental sustainability and regulatory compliance, there is a trend toward developing waterborne coatings and adhesives that contain Isophorone diamine as a curing agent.
Waterborne formulations offer lower VOC (volatile organic compound) emissions, reduced environmental impact, and improved worker safety compared to solvent-based systems.
Isophorone diamine-based coatings and materials are used in healthcare facilities for hygiene and infection control.
These materials provide seamless, easy-to-clean surfaces that inhibit microbial growth and maintain a sterile environment in hospitals, clinics, laboratories, and cleanrooms.
Isophorone diamine-containing coatings contribute to the safety and cleanliness of healthcare facilities, reducing the risk of nosocomial infections.
Isophorone diamine serves as a catalyst or accelerator in certain chemical reactions, including polyurethane and epoxy curing processes.
Isophorone diamine's catalytic activity promotes faster curing times and enables the production of materials with rapid turnaround and shorter processing cycles.
Isophorone diamine accelerators enhance productivity and efficiency in manufacturing operations.
Isophorone diamine can be used for surface modification of substrates to improve adhesion, wettability, and compatibility with coatings and adhesives.
Surface treatments involving Isophorone diamine promote strong bonding between substrates and coatings, resulting in enhanced performance and durability of finished products in various applications.
Isophorone diamine is incorporated into sealants and joint fillers used in construction and infrastructure projects.
These materials provide waterproofing, weatherproofing, and protection against moisture intrusion in building joints, expansion joints, and concrete cracks.
Isophorone diamine-based sealants ensure long-lasting and durable seals in civil engineering applications.
Isophorone diamine-based coatings and materials exhibit excellent color stability and resistance to yellowing, even when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and outdoor weathering.
This property is essential for maintaining the aesthetic appearance and color integrity of coated surfaces in architectural, automotive, and outdoor applications.
Isophorone diamine is widely used as a curing agent in the production of polyurethane coatings, adhesives, and elastomers.
These polyurethane materials find applications in various industries, including automotive, construction, aerospace, and electronics.
Isophorone diamine's ability to crosslink polymer chains in polyurethane formulations contributes to the final product's durability, flexibility, and chemical resistance.
Isophorone diamine can also serve as a curing agent for epoxy resins, where it facilitates the curing process by reacting with epoxy groups to form crosslinked networks.
Epoxy systems cured with Isophorone diamine exhibit excellent mechanical properties, adhesion, and resistance to chemicals, making them suitable for coatings, composites, and structural applications.
Isophorone diamine is employed in the formulation of structural adhesives, particularly those requiring high strength and chemical resistance.
These adhesives are used in bonding various substrates, including metals, plastics, composites, and ceramics, in applications such as automotive assembly, construction, and industrial manufacturing.
Polyurethane coatings and epoxy systems cured with Isophorone diamine offer effective corrosion protection for metal substrates, including steel and aluminum.
These coatings provide a barrier against moisture, chemicals, and environmental exposure, extending the service life of coated surfaces in harsh environments such as marine, offshore, and industrial settings.
In addition to rigid polyurethane applications, Isophorone diamine can be used as a chain extender or crosslinking agent in the production of flexible polyurethane foams.
These foams find use in cushioning and padding applications, including furniture upholstery, automotive seating, bedding, and packaging materials.
Isophorone diamine is also utilized in the synthesis of specialty polymers with unique properties and applications.
These may include polyamides, polyureas, polyurethanes, and other high-performance materials tailored for specific industrial needs, such as coatings, sealants, and elastomers requiring exceptional durability and resilience.
Manufacturers and users of Isophorone diamine must adhere to regulatory requirements and guidelines concerning its handling, storage, transportation, and disposal.
Regulatory agencies, such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States and the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) in the European Union, may have specific regulations and restrictions governing the use of Isophorone diamine to ensure safety and environmental protection.
Isophorone diamine is widely used in urethane and epoxy coatings for light-stable, weather-resistant prop- erties.
Isophorone diamine is used in water proofing and paving concret- ing, and in the manufacture of diisocyanates and polyamides as an epoxy resin hardener.
Isophorone diamine is a strong sensitizer and can cause airborne contact dermatitis.
Applications of Isophorone Diamine:
Isophorone diamine is a cross linker for epoxy resins, building block for polyamides.
Isophorone diamine is used in epoxy coatings, epoxy adhesives and epoxy composites.
Isophorone diamine improves the hydrophobicity of epoxy resins with less sensitivity against humidity while film formation.
Diamines are compounds which contain two amino groups.
Both aliphatic (linear or branched from short C-2 chain to fatty length) and aromatic diamines are used as a monomer to form copolymers like nylons, polyesters and polyurethanes for characteristic properties.
They can form a protein-like structure at both ends of each monomer.
The chain length characteristics with recurring amide groups provide a variety physical properties and are further processed into various applications including plastics, oil-modified and moisture-area types of urethane coatings, polyamides for printing inks, dimer acids, textiles, lubricant additive as scale and corrosion inhibitor, epoxy curing agent, isocyanates, water treatment chemicals, biocides, and pharmaceutical intermediates.
Cycloaliphatic diamines are used in urethane and epoxy coatings for light-stable, weather-resistant properties.
Isophorone diamine is used in water proofing and paving concreting.
Isophorone diamine is used in manufacturing diisocyanates and polyamides.
Common cycloaliphatic diamines include Isophorone diamine, 1,2-diaminocyclohexane, 1,4-bis(aminocyclohexyl)methane, 1,3-bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, bis(aminomethyl)norbornane.
They are versatile intermediate to produce leather, rubber products, plastics, pesticides, dyes, and photo sensitive polymers.
Isophorone diamine is used in manufacturing diisocyanates and polyamides.
Aliphatic diamines are the most common epoxy curing agent.
Uses of Isophorone Diamine:
Isophorone diamine is a versatile chemical compound extensively used across various industries due to its unique properties.
One of Isophorone diamine's primary applications is as a curing agent for epoxy resins, where it contributes to the production of high-performance coatings, adhesives, and composite materials with superior chemical resistance, durability, and adhesion.
In the coatings industry, Isophorone diamine enhances the longevity and protection offered by industrial coatings, including those used in automotive and aerospace applications.
Isophorone diamine is also integral to the formulation of strong adhesives, contributing to robust and enduring bonds.
Additionally, Isophorone diamine is employed in the production of composite materials like fiberglass and carbon fiber-reinforced plastics, improving their mechanical properties and thermal stability.
In elastomers, Isophorone diamine aids in developing flexible and resilient rubber-like materials.
Isophorone diamine's role in waterproofing materials ensures excellent resistance to moisture, and though less common, it finds occasional use in pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals.
Overall, Isophorone diamine's versatility makes it a valuable component in various high-performance applications.
One of the three epoxy networks based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A epoxy prepolymer cured with aliphatic amines, namely triethylenetetramine (TETA), 1-(2-aminoethyl) piperazine (AEP) and isophoronediamine.
Isophorone diamine mainly used as epoxy curing agents, mainly for applications requiring low color, low odor, high flexural strength and excellent chemical resistance of epoxy formulations.
Suitable for floor coatings, fillers and paving mixes.
Isophorone diamine is used as a precursor in the manufacture of isophorone diisocyanate by phosgenation.
Like other diamines or amines in general, Isophorone diamine is a curing agent for epoxy resins. When used in coatings applications the higher cost compared to other amines is justified by the enhanced UV stability and thus lower yellowing tendency.
In the production of advanced composite materials (engineering) Isophorone diamine's higher cost compared to other amines is less critical as performance is the key criteria.
Cycloaliphatic amines such as Isophorone diamine also are known to have lower yellowing tendency than other amines and are thus used in coatings applications where this feature is important for aesthetics.
Although Isophorone diamine is not the only cycloaliphatic amine used in epoxy flooring, Isophorone diamine has the largest use by volume.
Other cycloaliphatic amines used in flooring include 1,3-BAC, MXDA, PACM and DCH-99.
In laboratory tests, Tokyo Metropolitan University found that Isophorone diamine was able to remove more than 99 percent of CO2 from air with a concentration of 400 parts per million (ppm) – about the level currently in the atmosphere.
This process also happened much faster than other carbon capture techniques, removing 201 millimoles of CO2 per hour, per mole of the compound.
That is at least twice as fast as other Direct Air Capture lab systems, and far faster than the leading artificial leaf device.
The pollutant separated out into flakes of a solid carbamic acid material, which could be removed from the liquid relatively easily.
If need be, Isophorone diamine can be converted back into gaseous CO2 by heating it to 60 °C (140 °F), which also releases the original liquid Isophorone diamine ready for reuse. Whether the carbon is kept as a solid or a gas, Isophorone diamine can then be stored or reused in industrial or chemical processes.
The research was published in the journal ACS Environmental Au.
Isophorone diamine is utilized in automotive coatings for applications such as vehicle body panels, automotive parts, and accessories.
These coatings provide aesthetic appeal, corrosion resistance, and protection against environmental factors such as UV radiation, abrasion, and road chemicals.
Isophorone diamine-containing coatings are used for industrial maintenance applications, including refineries, chemical plants, power plants, and infrastructure facilities.
These coatings protect equipment, tanks, pipelines, and structures from corrosion, chemical attack, and weathering.
Isophorone diamine-based coatings are applied to metal surfaces for protection against corrosion and oxidation.
These coatings are used in metalworking, manufacturing, and construction industries to extend the lifespan of metal components, machinery, and structures exposed to harsh environments.
Isophorone diamine is used in wood coatings and finishes to provide durability, scratch resistance, and moisture protection for wood surfaces.
These coatings are applied to furniture, cabinetry, flooring, and outdoor wood structures to enhance their appearance and longevity.
Isophorone diamine-containing sealers are applied to concrete surfaces to seal pores, reduce moisture absorption, and enhance durability.
These sealers are used in residential, commercial, and industrial settings to protect concrete driveways, sidewalks, patios, and floors from damage and staining.
Isophorone diamine-based coatings are used as tank linings for storing and transporting chemicals, fuels, and other corrosive substances.
These linings provide a protective barrier against chemical attack, preventing leaks, spills, and contamination of stored liquids.
Isophorone diamine is used in the formulation of waterproof membranes applied to building foundations, basements, and below-grade structures.
These membranes provide protection against water infiltration, dampness, and hydrostatic pressure, ensuring a dry and habitable environment.
Isophorone diamine-containing coatings are utilized as anti-graffiti coatings to protect building surfaces from vandalism and graffiti.
These coatings form a sacrificial barrier that allows easy removal of graffiti without damaging the underlying substrate.
Isophorone diamine-based coatings are applied to pipelines for corrosion protection and insulation.
These coatings prevent metal corrosion caused by soil, moisture, and chemicals, extending the lifespan of pipelines used in oil and gas transportation, water distribution, and industrial processing.
Isophorone diamine is used in concrete stains and dyes to impart color, texture, and decorative effects to concrete surfaces.
These stains and dyes are applied to interior and exterior concrete floors, countertops, and architectural elements for aesthetic enhancement.
Isophorone diamine is used as a component in release agents applied to molds and forms in manufacturing processes such as composite fabrication, plastic molding, and concrete casting.
These release agents prevent adhesion of the molded material to the mold surface, facilitating easy demolding and production.
Isophorone diamine is used in personal care products such as hair dyes and permanent wave solutions.
Isophorone diamine serves as a component in hair dye formulations to promote color development and permanence.
Isophorone diamine is utilized in textile printing inks and pigments to impart colorfastness, durability, and wash resistance to printed fabrics.
These inks are applied to textiles for apparel, home furnishings, and industrial applications to achieve vibrant and long-lasting prints.
Isophorone diamine is a cross linker for epoxy resins, building block for polyamides.
Isophorone diamine is used in epoxy coatings, epoxy adhesives and epoxy composites.
This chemical improves the hydrophobicity of epoxy resins with less sensitivity against humidity while film formation.
Isophorone diamine is used as starting material for the production of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), an isocyanate component for polyurethane systems, as for polyamides and amine component as hardener for epoxy resins.
Isophorone diamine is commonly produced from IPN, where the carbonyl group is converted to an amino group and nitrile group is converted to an aminomethyl group in the presence of ammonia, hydrogen and common catalysts
Isophorone diamine is widely employed as a curing agent in the production of polyurethane coatings.
These coatings are utilized for corrosion protection, chemical resistance, and aesthetic enhancement in industries such as automotive, aerospace, marine, and industrial equipment manufacturing.
Isophorone diamine serves as a curing agent in the formulation of structural adhesives and sealants.
These adhesive systems offer high bond strength, durability, and resistance to environmental factors, making them suitable for bonding substrates in construction, automotive assembly, and other industrial applications.
Isophorone diamine is used as a curing agent for epoxy resins, where it facilitates the crosslinking reaction to form durable and high-strength polymer networks.
Epoxy systems cured with Isophorone diamine find applications in coatings, composites, electronic encapsulation, and infrastructure repair.
Isophorone diamine-based coatings are utilized in the coil coating industry for pre-painted metal substrates used in building construction, appliances, automotive components, and signage.
These coatings provide excellent adhesion, flexibility, and weather resistance, enhancing the appearance and longevity of coated products.
With increasing emphasis on environmental sustainability and regulatory compliance, there is a growing demand for waterborne coatings containing Isophorone diamine.
Waterborne formulations offer lower VOC emissions, improved worker safety, and reduced environmental impact compared to solvent-based coatings.
Isophorone diamine is incorporated into polyurethane and epoxy flooring systems to provide durable, abrasion-resistant, and chemically resistant surfaces.
These flooring systems are used in commercial, industrial, and residential settings, including warehouses, manufacturing facilities, hospitals, and sports arenas.
Isophorone diamine-containing coatings are utilized for corrosion protection of metal substrates in aggressive environments such as marine, offshore, and chemical processing facilities.
These coatings form a barrier against moisture, chemicals, and corrosive agents, extending the service life of coated structures.
Isophorone diamine-based coatings and sealers are used to protect concrete surfaces from degradation caused by exposure to water, chemicals, abrasion, and freeze-thaw cycles.
These coatings enhance the durability, aesthetics, and performance of concrete structures, including bridges, parking garages, and industrial floors.
Isophorone diamine is used in packaging and printing applications as a component of inks, coatings, and adhesives.
These materials provide adhesion, gloss, and scratch resistance on packaging substrates such as paper, cardboard, plastics, and metals.
Isophorone diamine-containing coatings and finishes are applied to textiles to impart water repellency, stain resistance, and durability.
These finishes are used in outdoor apparel, upholstery fabrics, automotive interiors, and technical textiles to enhance performance and longevity.
Isophorone diamine-based epoxy resins are employed for encapsulating electronic components to protect them from moisture, chemicals, and mechanical stress.
Encapsulated components are used in automotive electronics, consumer electronics, aerospace systems, and industrial controls.
Isophorone diamine is utilized in epoxy-based repair mortars and grouts for rehabilitating damaged concrete structures.
These repair materials provide bonding, strength, and durability, restoring the structural integrity of concrete elements such as bridges, highways, and buildings.
Epoxy Resins:
Isophorone diamine is widely used as a curing agent for epoxy resins.
Isophorone diamine helps in developing high-performance coatings, adhesives, and composite materials with excellent chemical resistance, toughness, and adhesion properties.
Coatings:
Isophorone diamine is employed in industrial coatings, including automotive, aerospace, and protective coatings.
Isophorone diamine's use in coatings helps improve durability, chemical resistance, and adhesion to various substrates.
Adhesives:
Isophorone diamine is utilized in the formulation of high-strength adhesives, including structural and industrial adhesives, where it contributes to the development of strong, durable bonds.
Composites:
In the production of composite materials, such as fiberglass and carbon fiber reinforced plastics, Isophorone diamine is used to enhance the mechanical properties and thermal stability of the composites.
Elastomers:
Isophorone diamine is used in the synthesis of elastomers, where it contributes to the flexibility and resilience of rubber-like materials.
Waterproofing:
Isophorone diamine is incorporated into waterproofing materials and systems due to its ability to provide excellent resistance to moisture and environmental factors.
Pharmaceuticals:
Although less common, Isophorone diamine may be used in pharmaceutical applications as a building block for certain active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
Agricultural Chemicals:
Isophorone diamine is sometimes used in the formulation of agricultural chemicals, including pesticides and herbicides, where it serves as a chemical intermediate or stabilizer.
Production of Isophorone Diamine:
Isophorone diamine is produced through the hydrogenation of isophorone, a process that involves several chemical steps to convert the starting material into the final diamine product.
Here is an overview of the production process:
Starting Material:
The production of Isophorone diamine begins with isophorone, a cyclic ketone.
Isophorone itself is derived from the reaction of acetone with an acid catalyst.
Hydrogenation Reaction:
Isophorone undergoes hydrogenation, where it is reacted with hydrogen gas in the presence of a catalyst.
This reaction typically takes place in a high-pressure reactor.
The hydrogenation process reduces the carbonyl group in isophorone to a hydroxyl group, forming a diol intermediate.
Cyclization:
The diol intermediate is then subjected to cyclization, a reaction that forms a six-membered ring structure.
This step is crucial in transforming the intermediate into the final diamine product.
Amine Formation:
The resulting cyclized product is further treated with ammonia or an amine source to produce Isophorone diamine.
This step involves the formation of amine groups through a reaction with the diol intermediate.
Purification:
After the reaction, the mixture is purified to isolate Isophorone diamine.
This typically involves distillation, filtration, and other separation techniques to remove impurities and by-products.
Quality Control:
The final product undergoes rigorous quality control testing to ensure that Isophorone diamine meets the required specifications for purity, composition, and performance.
Packaging:
Once purified and tested, Isophorone diamine is packaged and prepared for distribution to various industries for use in applications such as epoxy resins, coatings, adhesives, and composites.
History of Isophorone Diamine:
Isophorone diamine has a significant history rooted in the early 20th century, beginning with the synthesis of its precursor, isophorone.
The development of Isophorone diamine gained momentum with advancements in hydrogenation techniques, which transformed isophorone into Isophorone diamine.
By the mid-20th century, the compound emerged as a crucial ingredient in the production of high-performance epoxy resins.
Isophorone diamine's exceptional properties, such as enhanced chemical resistance and durability, led to its widespread adoption in industries including automotive, aerospace, and construction.
Over time, Isophorone diamine’s versatility has allowed it to be used in various applications beyond epoxy resins, including adhesives, composites, and waterproofing materials.
Isophorone diamine's ongoing importance in industrial chemistry underscores its role in the development of advanced materials and technologies.
Handling and Storage of Isophorone Diamine:
Handling:
Avoid direct contact with skin, eyes, and clothing. Use in a well-ventilated area to minimize inhalation.
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves, goggles, and suitable protective clothing.
Prevent spills and avoid prolonged exposure to air or moisture, as this could degrade the material.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling and before eating, drinking, or smoking.
Storage:
Store in tightly sealed containers in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated location.
Keep away from direct sunlight, heat, and incompatible materials such as strong acids, oxidizing agents, and moisture.
Containers should be labeled properly and stored upright to prevent leakage.
Recommended storage temperature: Below 25°C (77°F).
Stability and Reactivity of Isophorone Diamine:
Stability:
Isophorone diamine is stable under normal conditions of use and storage.
However, Isophorone diamine is sensitive to air and moisture, which may cause degradation over time.
Reactivity:
Reacts with strong acids, oxidizing agents, and carbon dioxide.
Can form salts with acids and may cause hazardous polymerization with incompatible materials.
Decomposition Products:
Thermal decomposition can release hazardous substances such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO₂).
First Aid Measures of Isophorone Diamine:
Inhalation:
Move the affected person to fresh air.
If they experience difficulty breathing, administer oxygen and seek medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
Immediately wash skin with soap and water for at least 15 minutes.
Remove contaminated clothing and footwear.
Seek medical attention if irritation persists.
Eye Contact:
Rinse eyes thoroughly with water for at least 15 minutes, keeping eyelids open.
Remove contact lenses if applicable and continue rinsing.
Seek immediate medical attention.
Ingestion:
Do not induce vomiting.
Rinse mouth with water and drink small amounts of water.
Seek medical attention immediately.
Firefighting Measures of Isophorone Diamine:
Extinguishing Media:
Use foam, carbon dioxide (CO₂), dry chemical powder, or water spray.
Avoid using high-pressure water jets, as they may spread the fire.
Hazards During Fire:
Combustion may produce hazardous gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), and nitrogen oxides (NOx).
Protective Equipment:
Firefighters should wear full protective clothing, including self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
Firefighting Instructions:
Evacuate area and fight fire from a safe distance.
Contain firewater runoff to prevent contamination of water sources.
Accidental Release Measures of Isophorone Diamine:
Personal Precautions:
Evacuate the area and wear appropriate PPE, including gloves, eye protection, and respirators if necessary.
Ventilate the area.
Environmental Precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Avoid release into waterways, sewers, or soil.
Notify authorities if the spill enters the environment.
Cleanup Methods:
Contain and collect spillage using absorbent materials such as sand, earth, or vermiculite.
Place in a chemical waste container for proper disposal.
Wash the contaminated area with water and detergent.
Exposure Controls/Personal Protective Equipment of Isophorone Diamine:
Exposure Limits:
Occupational exposure limits (OELs) may vary by country.
Engineering Controls:
Ensure adequate ventilation, particularly in confined spaces.
Use local exhaust ventilation to minimize airborne concentrations of Isophorone diamine.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Respiratory Protection:
Use an appropriate respirator when ventilation is inadequate.
Hand Protection:
Wear chemical-resistant gloves (e.g., nitrile or butyl rubber).
Eye Protection:
Safety goggles or face shields to protect against splashes.
Skin Protection:
Wear protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
Hygiene Measures:
Wash hands, forearms, and face thoroughly after handling.
Remove contaminated clothing and wash before reuse.
Identifiers of Isophorone Diamine:
CAS Number: 2855-13-2
European Community (EC) Number: 220-666-8
Molecular formula : C 1 0 H 2 2 N 2
IUPAC Name: 3-(aminomethyl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexan-1-amine
Chemical Name: Isophorone diamine
CAS Number: 2855-13-2
IUPAC Name: 1,3-Cyclohexanediamine, 1,3,5-trimethyl-
Molecular Formula: C9H18N2
Molecular Weight: 154.25 g/mol
EINECS Number: 220-375-4
PubChem CID: 71087
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number: 2855-13-2
InChI Key: KMZLPTMQJUNFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: CC1=CC(C)(C)C(C1)NCCN
Beilstein Number: 1725178
RTECS Number: WB8750000 (for Isophorone diamine)
HS Code: 2921.19
CAS number 2855-13-2
EC index number 612-067-00-9
EC number 220-666-8
Hill Formula C₁₀H₂₂N₂
Molar Mass 170.3 g/mol
HS Code 2921 30 99
Properties of Isophorone Diamine:
Chemical formula: C10H22N2
Molar mass: 170.300 g•mol−1
Appearance: Colourless liquid
Density: 0.922
Melting point: 10 °C (50 °F; 283 K)
Boiling point: 247 °C (477 °F; 520 K)
Solubility in water: Very good
Refractive index: (nD) 1.4880
Molecular Weight: 170.30 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 1.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 170.178298710 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 170.178298710 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 52Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 12
Complexity: 165
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 2
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Melting point: 10 °C(lit.)
Boiling point: 247 °C(lit.)
Density: 0.924 g/mL at 20 °C(lit.)
vapor pressure: 0.02 hPa (20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.490
Flash point: >230 °F
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: Chloroform (Slightly), Methanol (Slightly)
form: Liquid
pka: 10.57±0.70(Predicted)
color: Clear
PH: 11.6 (10g/l, H2O, 20℃)
explosive limit 1.2%(V)
Viscosity: 19mm2/s
Water Solubility: miscible
Stability:Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: RNLHGQLZWXBQNY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 0.99 at 23℃
Chemical Formula: C9H18N2
Molecular Weight: 154.25 g/mol
Appearance: Clear to slightly yellow liquid
Color: Typically colorless to pale yellow
Odor: Characteristic amine-like odor
Boiling Point: 209-211°C (408-412°F)
Melting Point: Approximately -20°C (-4°F)
Density: Around 0.92-0.94 g/cm³
Refractive Index: Approximately 1.478 to 1.480
Flash Point: Approximately 90°C (194°F) (closed cup)
Vapor Pressure: About 0.5 mmHg at 25°C
Solubility: Miscible with water, ethanol, and other organic solvents
pH: Typically neutral to slightly basic
Viscosity: Around 2-4 cP (centipoise) at 25°C
