POLYHEXAMETHYLENE GUANIDINE
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is a highly water-soluble and hydrolytically stable polymeric material with strong antimicrobial properties.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine has been successfully used in a wide range of applications, including wound care, contact lens cleaning, and disinfecting swimming pools.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine's antimicrobial action involves disrupting the cell membranes of pathogens, making it effective against a broad range of bacteria, fungi, and some viruses.
CAS Number: 28757-47-3
EC Number: 608-723-9
Molecular Formula: C8H19N5.ClH
Molecular Weight: 221.734
Synonyms: Polihexanide, PHMB, Polyhexamethylene guanidine, 322U039GMF, Polihexanidum, Cosmoquil CQ, Prontoderm, Prontosan, Reputex 20, Trigene, Vantocil 1B, Vantocil TG, Vantosan, Caswell No. 676, Disinfecting Wet Wipe, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 111801, PHMB Disinfectant, PP 073, Polihexanido, Proxel IBCN Reputex 20CN Trigene, DTXSID2035726, Disposable Spray Disinfectant, HBA Anti bacterial Liquid, HBA Sanitary Wipes, HSDB 8471, MICROCARE MBG, PHMB polymer, POLIHEXANIDE (MART.), PURISTA, Polihexanido (INN-Spanish), Polihexanidum (INN-Latin), UNII-4XI6112496, poly(hexamethylene biguanide), polyhexamethylen-biguanide, polyhexamethylenbiguanid, polyhexamethylenbiguanide.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is a polymeric compound used for its antimicrobial properties.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is effective against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is a polymer used as a disinfectant and antiseptic.
In dermatological use, Polyhexamethylene guanidine is spelled polihexanide (INN) and sold under the names Lavasept, Tebasept, Prontosan.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine has been shown to be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Aspergillus brasiliensis, enterococci, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Products containing Polyhexamethylene guanidine are used for inter-operative irrigation, pre- and post-surgery skin and mucous membrane disinfection, post-operative dressings, surgical and non-surgical wound dressings, surgical bath/hydrotherapy, chronic wounds like diabetic foot ulcer and burn wound management, routine antisepsis during minor incisions, catheterization, first aid, surface disinfection, and linen disinfection.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine eye drops have been used as a treatment for eyes affected by Acanthamoeba keratitis.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is sold as a swimming pool and spa disinfectant in place of chlorine or bromine based products under the name Baquacil.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is also used as an ingredient in some contact lens cleaning products, cosmetics, personal deodorants and some veterinary products.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is also used to treat clothing (Purista), purportedly to prevent the development of unpleasant odors.
The Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride salt (solution) is used in the majority of formulations.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used as a disinfectant and antiseptic. This article discusses the use of the substance as an antiseptic.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is an unusual water-soluble polymer with five nitrogen atoms in each repeating unit, three of them in the polymer’s backbone.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine was first described in late 1960s in British, French, and South African patents to Imperial Chemical Industries (London).
Since its inception, Polyhexamethylene guanidine and its hydrochloride salt1 have been used for a wide range of sanitizing purposes.
Examples are protecting crops from molds and bacteria in the field and in storage, preserving meat and fish products, and sanitizing swimming pools.
In medicine, Polyhexamethylene guanidine has been used primarily for treating keratitis (corneal infection), but also for dressing wounds.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine has an incredible advantage over other microbicide substances: Polyhexamethylene guanidine has the highest therapeutic ratio (TB).
In other words, the relationship between the benefit and harm is mostly on the benefit side.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is a topical medication used to cleanse and moisten acute and chronic skin wounds.
Available as a solution to irrigate wounds or as a gel that can be applied on wounds, betaine/Polyhexamethylene guanidine is a combination of two medications that helps soften encrusted wounds, prevent wound infections and promote the healing of chronic or infected wounds that don’t heal.
Wounds may be caused by surgery, trauma, or as a result of diseases such as diabetes.
The disruption of the skin/internal tissues and the contact with the external environment may lead to microbial infection.
Wound dressings are capable of providing a protective barrier and accelerate the wound healing process
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is a highly water soluble and hydrolytically stable polymeric material.
The presence of multiple hydrogen bond and chelation sites within Polyhexamethylene guanidine renders it of potential interest in the field of supramolecular chemistry.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is available also as a solid.
The antibacterial and antibacterial effect is stronger than alcohol, and is safer than hypochlorite water and Polyhexamethylene guanidine is stronger than hypochlorous acid water.
The disinfecting power when diluted 5 times longer is the same level as a general alcohol disinfectant.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is an unusual water-soluble polymer with five nitrogen atoms in each repeating unit, three of them in the polymer’s backbone.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine was first described in late 1960s in British, French, and South African patents to Imperial Chemical Industries (London).
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is mainly used, which is mild and safe, and the sterilization rate is more than 99.9%.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine was first synthesized and characterized by ICI in England in the 1950s in the search for new malaria drugs.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine quickly became apparent that Polyhexamethylene guanidine was not very effective against malaria, but had a very good antimicrobial effect against a broad germ spectrum.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine has since been successfully used in extremely different concentrations as a disinfectant in industrial processes and as a preservative in cosmetic and medical products.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is one of the many antiseptics available in the medicine.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is composed of repeating units of hexamethylene biguanide, giving it a polymeric structure.
Polihexanide has been used in trials studying the treatment, prevention, and supportive care of Caries, Neoplasm, Skin Diseases, Nail Diseases, and Dental Plaque, among others.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is an antimicrobial agent active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in antiseptic, disinfectant and cosmetics.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine has been shown to be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus (also the methicillin-resistant type, MRSA), Escherichia coli, Candida albicans (yeast), Aspergillus brasiliensis (mold), vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae).
Polyhexamethylene guanidine a powerful antimicrobial agent that can reduce bioburden.
Rinsing liquid Polyhexamethylene guanidine, in closed rinsing system; for decolonization and maintenance of an indwelling catheter.
A sterile, closed rinsing system consisting of a bag, a hose, a universal connector and roller clamp and filled with rinsing fluid containing 0.02% Polyhexamethylene guanidine.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine consists of repeating units of hexamethylene biguanide, forming a polymeric structure.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is typically available in aqueous solutions, where it is dissolved in water.
These solutions are usually clear and colorless.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine acts by binding to the negatively charged cell membranes of microorganisms, disrupting their integrity and causing leakage of cellular contents, which leads to cell death.
This action makes Polyhexamethylene guanidine effective against a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and some viruses.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is commonly used in wound irrigation solutions, gels, and dressings to prevent infection and promote healing.
Products like Prontosan are widely used in hospitals for wound management.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used for pre-operative skin disinfection and in surgical environments to maintain asepsis.
Included in contact lens cleaning solutions due to Polyhexamethylene guanidine's antimicrobial properties, ensuring lenses are free from harmful microorganisms.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used as a biocide to control algae and bacterial growth, ensuring water is safe and clean.
Helps prevent the buildup of biofilms and controls microbial contamination in cooling towers and other industrial water systems.
Added to cosmetics and personal care products to prevent microbial growth and extend shelf life.
Incorporated in disinfecting wipes for personal hygiene and cleaning surfaces.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in disinfecting sprays and wipes to maintain cleanliness and hygiene in critical areas.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is generally considered safe for use in the concentrations typically found in consumer and medical products.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is a highly water soluble and hydrolytically stable polymeric material.
The presence of multiple hydrogen bond and chelation sites within Polyhexamethylene guanidine renders it of potential interest in the field of supramolecular chemistry.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is available also as a solid.
The antibacterial and antibacterial effect is stronger than alcohol, and is safer than hypochlorite water and Polyhexamethylene guanidine is stronger than hypochlorous acid water.
The disinfecting power when diluted 5 times longer is the same level as a general alcohol disinfectant.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is an unusual water-soluble polymer with five nitrogen atoms in each repeating unit, three of them in the polymer’s backbone.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine was first described in late 1960s in British, French, and South African patents to Imperial Chemical Industries (London).
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is mainly used, which is mild and safe, and the sterilization rate is more than 99.9%.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine was first synthesized and characterized by ICI in England in the 1950s in the search for new malaria drugs.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine quickly became apparent that Polyhexamethylene guanidine was not very effective against malaria, but had a very good antimicrobial effect against a broad germ spectrum.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine has since been successfully used in extremely different concentrations as a disinfectant in industrial processes and as a preservative in cosmetic and medical products.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is one of the many antiseptics available in the medicine.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine stands out from the others with Polyhexamethylene guanidine's numerous advantages.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine has a low toxicity factor, chemical stability, and bactericidal effect on most microorganisms.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is a polymer used as a disinfectant and antiseptic.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is a chemical product created at the end of the 1950s and used since the 1970s in the formulation of certain biocides.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is found in particular to kill microbes such as bacteria and viruses or fungi in water in the form of Polyhexamethylene guanidine salt, a pesticide that can be used as a swimming pool disinfectant.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is a stable and therefore persistent product that remains effective in the presence of UV light and at different pH values.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is non-oxidising, cationic in solution in water and can be an alternative to other cationic biocidal treatments based on quaternary ammonium or chlorine.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is approved for use in medical devices and wound care products.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is approved for similar uses in Europe.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is effective against a wide range of microorganisms.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is safe for human cells at recommended concentrations.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine does not damage surfaces or materials it comes into contact with.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is suitable for use in medical applications due to its compatibility with human tissues.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is although rare, there is a possibility of microbial resistance with prolonged use.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is may be more expensive than other biocides and disinfectants, depending on the formulation and application.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine removes biofilm (coating on the catheter) and prevents the biofilm from forming again quickly.
The universal connector is sterile and has a protective cap.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is also used as an ingredient in some contact lens cleaning products, cosmetics, personal deodorants and some veterinary products.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is also used to treat clothing (Purista), purportedly to prevent the development of unpleasant odors.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride salt (solution) is used in the majority of formulations.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine has been shown to be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Aspergillus brasiliensis, enterococci, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Products containing Polyhexamethylene guanidine are used for inter-operative irrigation, pre- and post-surgery skin and mucous membrane disinfection, post-operative dressings, surgical and non-surgical wound dressings, surgical bath/hydrotherapy, chronic wounds like diabetic foot ulcer and burn wound management, routine antisepsis during minor incisions, catheterization, first aid, surface disinfection, and linen disinfection.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine eye drops have been used as a treatment for eyes affected by Acanthamoeba keratitis.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is sold as a swimming pool and spa disinfectant in place of chlorine or bromine based products under the name Baquacil.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is mainly used, which is mild and safe, and the sterilization rate is more than 99.9%.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine can effectively kill bacteria and viruses in the air.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in wound care products, such as disinfectants and antiseptic solutions, due to its ability to prevent infections.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is utilized in swimming pools, hot tubs, and industrial water systems to control microbial growth.
Included in some contact lens cleaning solutions and cosmetics for Polyhexamethylene guanidine's preservative qualities.
Employed in disinfecting wipes and sprays for cleaning and sanitizing surfaces in various settings.
Uses of Polyhexamethylene guanidine:
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used to clean and disinfect wounds, reducing the risk of infection.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine applied to the skin before surgery to reduce the risk of surgical site infections.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in disinfecting wipes and sprays to maintain aseptic conditions in surgical and other critical areas.
Included in solutions for cleaning and disinfecting contact lenses, ensuring they are free from harmful microorganisms.
Controls algae, bacteria, and other microorganisms to maintain clean and safe water.
Prevents the formation of biofilms and controls microbial contamination in cooling towers and other industrial water systems.
Added to products such as lotions, creams, and makeup to prevent microbial growth and extend shelf life.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in disinfecting wipes for personal use to ensure cleanliness and reduce the risk of infection.
Utilized in sprays and wipes to disinfect surfaces in hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare settings.
Effective for sanitizing surfaces in homes, offices, schools, and other public spaces.
Applied to fabrics to provide antimicrobial properties, useful in healthcare uniforms, sportswear, and other applications where hygiene is important.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used to disinfect food processing equipment and surfaces to ensure food safety and prevent contamination.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used for cleaning and treating wounds in animals to prevent infection.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in various public health initiatives to disinfect surfaces and environments to control the spread of infectious diseases.
Included in the manufacturing processes of various products to prevent microbial contamination and extend product life.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in disinfecting wet wipes for hands, surfaces, and other uses.
Employed in portable disinfectant sprays for easy and quick disinfection.
Registered and used as a disinfectant and biocide under this code.
Complies with various international standards for use in healthcare, personal care, and other industries.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in hydrogels to keep wounds moist and reduce microbial load, promoting faster healing.
Incorporated in solutions for cleaning chronic wounds, ulcers, and burns.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used to disinfect medical equipment and surfaces to prevent hospital-acquired infections.
Included in hand sanitizers used by healthcare professionals for effective hand hygiene.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in mouthwashes to reduce oral bacteria and prevent infections, particularly after dental procedures.
Applied in disinfecting solutions for dental instruments and surfaces in dental clinics.
Formulated in antimicrobial body washes for enhanced hygiene.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in antibacterial hand soaps and gels for everyday use.
Incorporated into deodorants to control bacterial growth and reduce body odor.
Included in baby wipes for gentle and effective cleansing while preventing rashes and infections.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in cleaning and disinfecting products to maintain hygiene in schools, daycare centers, and other institutions.
Applied in disinfecting solutions for buses, trains, and other public transport vehicles to control the spread of pathogens.
Included in household disinfectants for cleaning various surfaces like countertops, sinks, and floors.
Formulated in bathroom cleaning products to effectively remove and prevent mold, mildew, and bacterial growth.
Applied to hospital linens, curtains, and uniforms to reduce the risk of microbial transmission.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in athletic clothing to prevent odor-causing bacteria and extend the freshness of garments.
Included in laundry additives to disinfect clothes and prevent the spread of infections through textiles.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in products for cleaning and treating wounds in pets, such as dogs and cats.
Applied in disinfectants for treating and preventing infections in farm animals.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in cleaning solutions for veterinary clinics and animal shelters to maintain a sanitary environment.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in sanitizing solutions for food processing equipment to ensure safety and hygiene.
Applied to disinfect surfaces in food preparation areas to prevent contamination.
Incorporated into packaging materials to extend the shelf life of perishable goods by preventing microbial growth.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in the manufacturing of various products to prevent microbial contamination and spoilage.
Applied in industrial cooling systems to control microbial growth and biofilm formation.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in cleaning and disinfecting HVAC systems to improve air quality and prevent the spread of airborne pathogens.
Applied in mold remediation products to eliminate mold and mildew in buildings.
Studied for use in developing antimicrobial coatings for medical devices and implants.
Explored in research for Polyhexamethylene guanidine's potential use in controlled drug delivery systems due to its biocompatibility.
Included in travel-sized disinfectant sprays and wipes for personal use during travel.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in disinfecting solutions for gym equipment, yoga mats, and other recreational gear.
Applied in cleaning solutions for optical lenses and electronic devices to prevent microbial contamination.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is marketed under various brand and product names, including:
For wound care and irrigation.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in hydrogels to keep wounds moist and reduce microbial load, promoting faster healing.
Incorporated in solutions for cleaning chronic wounds, ulcers, and burns.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used to disinfect medical equipment and surfaces to prevent hospital-acquired infections.
Included in hand sanitizers used by healthcare professionals for effective hand hygiene.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in mouthwashes to reduce oral bacteria and prevent infections, particularly after dental procedures.
Applied in disinfecting solutions for dental instruments and surfaces in dental clinics.
Formulated in antimicrobial body washes for enhanced hygiene.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in antibacterial hand soaps and gels for everyday use.
Incorporated into deodorants to control bacterial growth and reduce body odor.
Included in baby wipes for gentle and effective cleansing while preventing rashes and infections.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in cleaning and disinfecting products to maintain hygiene in schools, daycare centers, and other institutions.
Applied in disinfecting solutions for buses, trains, and other public transport vehicles to control the spread of pathogens.
Included in household disinfectants for cleaning various surfaces like countertops, sinks, and floors.
Formulated in bathroom cleaning products to effectively remove and prevent mold, mildew, and bacterial growth.
Applied to hospital linens, curtains, and uniforms to reduce the risk of microbial transmission.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in athletic clothing to prevent odor-causing bacteria and extend the freshness of garments.
Included in laundry additives to disinfect clothes and prevent the spread of infections through textiles.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in products for cleaning and treating wounds in pets, such as dogs and cats.
Applied in disinfectants for treating and preventing infections in farm animals.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in cleaning solutions for veterinary clinics and animal shelters to maintain a sanitary environment.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in sanitizing solutions for food processing equipment to ensure safety and hygiene.
Applied to disinfect surfaces in food preparation areas to prevent contamination.
Incorporated into packaging materials to extend the shelf life of perishable goods by preventing microbial growth.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in the manufacturing of various products to prevent microbial contamination and spoilage.
Applied in industrial cooling systems to control microbial growth and biofilm formation.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in cleaning and disinfecting HVAC systems to improve air quality and prevent the spread of airborne pathogens.
Applied in mold remediation products to eliminate mold and mildew in buildings.
Studied for use in developing antimicrobial coatings for medical devices and implants.
Explored in research for Polyhexamethylene guanidine's potential use in controlled drug delivery systems due to its biocompatibility.
Included in travel-sized disinfectant sprays and wipes for personal use during travel.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in disinfecting solutions for gym equipment, yoga mats, and other recreational gear.
Applied in cleaning solutions for optical lenses and electronic devices to prevent microbial contamination.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used for analytical purpose only.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is a polymer used as a disinfectant and antiseptic.
Biocide in personal hygiene products, contact lens solutions, industrial disinfectants, textiles, and household products; preservative in cosmetics.
Polihexanide has been used in trials studying the treatment, prevention, and supportive care of Caries, Neoplasm, Skin Diseases, Nail Diseases, and Dental Plaque, among others.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is an antimicrobial agent active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in antiseptic, disinfectant and cosmetics.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine has been shown to be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus (also the methicillin-resistant type, MRSA), Escherichia coli, Candida albicans (yeast), Aspergillus brasiliensis (mold), vancomycin-resistant enterococci, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae).
Polyhexamethylene guanidine a powerful antimicrobial agent that can reduce bioburden.
Rinsing liquid Polyhexamethylene guanidine, in closed rinsing system; for decolonization and maintenance of an indwelling catheter.
A sterile, closed rinsing system consisting of a bag, a hose, a universal connector and roller clamp and filled with rinsing fluid containing 0.02% Polyhexamethylene guanidine.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine removes biofilm (coating on the catheter) and prevents the biofilm from forming again quickly.
The universal connector is sterile and has a protective cap.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is also used as an ingredient in some contact lens cleaning products, cosmetics, personal deodorants and some veterinary products.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is also used to treat clothing (Purista), purportedly to prevent the development of unpleasant odors.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride salt (solution) is used in the majority of formulations.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine has been shown to be effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Aspergillus brasiliensis, enterococci, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Products containing Polyhexamethylene guanidine are used for inter-operative irrigation, pre- and post-surgery skin and mucous membrane disinfection, post-operative dressings, surgical and non-surgical wound dressings, surgical bath/hydrotherapy, chronic wounds like diabetic foot ulcer and burn wound management, routine antisepsis during minor incisions, catheterization, first aid, surface disinfection, and linen disinfection.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine eye drops have been used as a treatment for eyes affected by Acanthamoeba keratitis.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is sold as a swimming pool and spa disinfectant in place of chlorine or bromine based products under the name Baquacil.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is mainly used, which is mild and safe, and the sterilization rate is more than 99.9%.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine can effectively kill bacteria and viruses in the air.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine shows activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and is widely used across several sectors, typically as the hydrochloride salt, in a variety of disinfectant solutions and antiseptics.
Wet tissues, contact lens cleaning solution, cosmetics / disinfecting hospitals and kitchens, everyday cleaning in kitchens, and food processing factories.
Control water quality of attractions in pools, hot springs and theme parks.
In Japan, there are many people think that Polyhexamethylene guanidine is highly reliable for alcohol, and even kills viruses with alcohol.
Guess that one factor of Polyhexamethylene guanidine's authenticity is perhaps because Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in medical institutions.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is a highly disinfecting and antibacterial agent that is widely used in Europe and America and is widely used in Europe.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine has been proven to be the most effective in terms of safety and antibacterial strength without chlorine or alcohol.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is chlorine and alcohol free, the most irritating and hazard relief of common disinfectants.
In orthopedic and trauma surgery, the most frequently used antiseptic is Polyhexamethylene guanidine.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine's favored application is based on prepossessing tissue compatibility in contrast to various antiseptics and a high antimicrobiological effect.
Use of a Polyhexamethylene guanidine based multipurpose contact lens solution (MPS) has been linked to low-grade corneal staining.
Since Polyhexamethylene guanidine's inception, Polyhexamethylene guanidine and Polyhexamethylene guanidine's hydrochloride salt1 have been used for a wide range of sanitizing purposes.
Examples are protecting crops from molds and bacteria in the field and in storage, preserving meat and fish products, and sanitizing swimming pools.
In medicine, Polyhexamethylene guanidine has been used primarily for treating keratitis (corneal infection), but also for dressing wounds.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine can effectively kill bacteria and viruses in the air and purify indoor air
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used for wound irrigation for acute and chronic skin wounds.
Preservatives in cosmetics.
Various industrial applications:
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is used in many areas of medicine, veterinary medicine, gastronomy, and industry.
The application of Polyhexamethylene guanidine in the treatment of chronic wounds allows for fast regeneration and reduced time of wound treatment and hospitalization.
According to the Recommendations of the Polish Wound Treatment Society, Polyhexamethylene guanidine is recommended in treatment of critically colonized wounds, wounds at risk infection, burns, and decontamination of acute and chronic wounds, and as second choice in infected wounds.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride salt (solution) is used in the majority of formulations.
Some products containing Polyhexamethylene guanidine are used for inter-operative irrigation, pre- and post-surgery skin and mucous membrane disinfection, post-operative dressings, surgical and non-surgical wound dressings, surgical bath/hydrotherapy, chronic wounds like diabetic foot ulcer and burn wound management, routine antisepsis during minor incisions, catheterization, scopy, first aid, surface disinfection, and linen disinfection.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine eye drops have been used as a treatment for eyes affected by Acanthamoeba keratitis.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is also used as an ingredient in some contact lens cleaning products, cosmetics, personal deodorants and some veterinary products.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is also used to treat clothing (Purista), purportedly to prevent the development of unpleasant odors.
Products containing Polyhexamethylene guanidine are used for inter-operative irrigation, pre- and post-surgery skin and mucous membrane disinfection, post-operative dressings, surgical and non-surgical wound dressings, surgical bath/hydrotherapy, chronic wounds like diabetic foot ulcer and burn wound management, routine antisepsis during minor incisions, catheterization, first aid, surface disinfection, and linen disinfection.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is also found in some medicines in the form of polyhexamethylene biguanide hydrochloride.
Acne, disinfection of surgical wounds and/or in veterinary treatments can be treated with polyhexamethylene biguanide salts.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is also used for cleaning and disinfecting objects, surfaces or premises, including in hospitals.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is important that health personnel have the best possible basis for choosing an antiseptic.
Reactions of Polyhexamethylene guanidine:
Reactivity:
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is a stable polymer under normal conditions, but Polyhexamethylene guanidine can react with strong oxidizing agents, reducing agents, and strong acids or bases.
These reactions can lead to the degradation of the polymer or the release of hazardous byproducts.
Hydrolysis:
Polyhexamethylene guanidine can undergo slow hydrolysis in the presence of water, particularly under acidic or basic conditions, leading to the breakdown of the polymer into smaller fragments.
Cross-Linking:
Under certain conditions, Polyhexamethylene guanidine can cross-link with other polymers or substances, which can alter its physical and chemical properties.
Synthesis of Polyhexamethylene guanidine:
Monomers:
The synthesis of Polyhexamethylene guanidine involves the polymerization of hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) and guanidine hydrochloride.
Polymerization Process:
Step 1: Hexamethylene diamine (HMDA) reacts with cyanamide to form a biguanide intermediate.
Step 2: This biguanide intermediate undergoes polymerization to form Polyhexamethylene guanidine.
Step 3: The polymerization process typically occurs in an aqueous medium under controlled temperature and pH conditions to achieve the desired polymer length and properties.
Final Product: The result is a cationic polymer that is usually converted into Polyhexamethylene guanidine's hydrochloride salt form to enhance its solubility in water and its antimicrobial properties.
Production of Polyhexamethylene guanidine:
Batch Process:
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is often produced in batch reactors, where the monomers are added together and allowed to react under controlled conditions.
The reaction time, temperature, and pH are carefully monitored to produce a polymer with the desired molecular weight and properties.
Post-Processing:
After polymerization, the Polyhexamethylene guanidine solution may be concentrated, filtered, and purified to remove any unreacted monomers or impurities.
The final product is typically standardized to a specific concentration (e.g., 20% active ingredient) and may be formulated into various products, such as disinfectants, wound care solutions, or personal care items.
Quality Control:
Throughout the production process, quality control measures are implemented to ensure that the Polyhexamethylene guanidine meets the required specifications for purity, molecular weight, and antimicrobial efficacy.
History
Polyhexamethylene guanidine was developed in the mid-20th century, with its origins rooted in the search for effective antimicrobial agents.
Initially explored for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, Polyhexamethylene guanidine gained prominence in the medical field during the 1970s and 1980s for use in wound care and as a disinfectant, due to its ability to kill a wide range of microorganisms while being relatively non-toxic to human tissues.
Over time, Polyhexamethylene guanidine's applications expanded into industries such as water treatment, personal care, and cosmetics, thanks to its stability, effectiveness, and low potential for resistance development.
Today, Polyhexamethylene guanidine is widely recognized and used globally across various sectors for its antimicrobial efficacy.
Handling and Storage of Polyhexamethylene guanidine:
Handling:
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Always wear protective gloves, eye protection (goggles or face shield), and suitable protective clothing when handling Polyhexamethylene guanidine.
Ventilation:
Work in a well-ventilated area or use fume hoods to prevent inhalation of vapors or aerosols.
Hygiene Measures:
Do not eat, drink, or smoke when handling the substance.
Wash hands and any exposed skin thoroughly after handling.
Avoid:
Avoid direct contact with skin, eyes, and clothing.
Prevent inhalation of dust, mist, or vapor.
Storage:
Temperature Control:
Store Polyhexamethylene guanidine in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.
Keep Polyhexamethylene guanidine away from heat sources and direct sunlight.
Container Integrity:
Keep the container tightly closed when not in use.
Use containers made of compatible materials such as glass or specific plastics.
Incompatible Materials:
Store away from strong oxidizing agents, reducing agents, and other incompatible substances.
Security:
Ensure the storage area is secure, with access restricted to authorized personnel only.
Reactivity and Stability of Polyhexamethylene guanidine:
Reactivity:
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is generally stable under normal conditions of use and storage.
Avoid contact with incompatible materials, such as strong oxidizing agents or strong acids, which can cause hazardous reactions.
Stability:
Chemical Stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine does not decompose under normal use and storage.
Conditions to Avoid:
Extreme temperatures, direct sunlight, and exposure to air for prolonged periods may affect the stability of the substance.
Hazardous Decomposition Products:
In case of thermal decomposition, Polyhexamethylene guanidine may release toxic fumes, including carbon oxides (CO, CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and other irritating gases.
Safety Profile of Polyhexamethylene guanidine:
Polyhexamethylene guanidine can cause skin irritation in some individuals, especially with prolonged exposure or at higher concentrations.
Although rare, some people may develop allergic reactions to Polyhexamethylene guanidine, resulting in redness, itching, and swelling.
Direct contact with the eyes can cause irritation, redness, and discomfort.
Proper protective measures, such as goggles, should be used when handling Polyhexamethylene guanidine solutions.
Inhalation of Polyhexamethylene guanidine dust or mist can irritate the respiratory tract.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is important to use adequate ventilation and respiratory protection in environments where Polyhexamethylene guanidine is being aerosolized or sprayed.
Ingestion of Polyhexamethylene guanidine can be harmful and may cause gastrointestinal distress, nausea, and vomiting.
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is important to keep products containing Polyhexamethylene guanidine out of reach of children and to follow safety instructions for use.
First Aid Measures of Polyhexamethylene guanidine:
Inhalation:
Move the person to fresh air immediately.
If breathing is difficult, give oxygen, and seek medical attention.
Skin Contact:
Remove contaminated clothing and wash the affected area with plenty of soap and water.
If irritation persists, seek medical advice.
Eye Contact:
Rinse immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open.
Seek medical attention if irritation or discomfort continues.
Ingestion:
Rinse the mouth with water.
Do not induce vomiting.
Seek medical attention immediately.
Fire-Fighting Measures of Polyhexamethylene guanidine:
Suitable Extinguishing Media:
Use water spray, foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide (CO2) to extinguish the fire.
Special Hazards:
Polyhexamethylene guanidine is not highly flammable but can decompose upon heating to produce toxic fumes.
Fire may produce irritating, corrosive, and/or toxic gases.
Protective Equipment:
Firefighters should wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and full protective gear.
Advice for Firefighters:
Cool containers exposed to fire with water spray to prevent rupture due to thermal expansion.
Contain and collect the firefighting water to prevent environmental contamination.
Accidental Release Measures of Polyhexamethylene guanidine:
Personal Precautions:
Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves, goggles, and protective clothing.
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Avoid breathing dust, mist, or vapors.
Environmental Precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if Polyhexamethylene guanidine is safe to do so.
Do not allow the product to enter drains, waterways, or soil.
Contain the spill and prevent contamination of the environment.
Containment and Cleaning Up:
Absorb spilled material with inert absorbent material (e.g., sand, vermiculite).
Place the absorbed material into appropriate waste disposal containers.
Dispose of the waste in accordance with local regulations.
Exposure Controls/Personal Protective Equipment of Polyhexamethylene guanidine:
Exposure Limits:
No specific occupational exposure limits have been established for Polyhexamethylene guanidine.
However, exposure should be minimized through good industrial hygiene practices.
Engineering Controls:
Provide adequate ventilation, especially in confined areas.
Use fume hoods or local exhaust ventilation where necessary.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Eye/Face Protection:
Safety goggles or face shields should be used to protect against splashes.
Skin Protection:
Wear protective gloves (e.g., nitrile or neoprene) and protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
Respiratory Protection:
If ventilation is inadequate, use an approved respirator with appropriate filters or cartridges.
Hygiene Measures:
Wash hands and face before breaks and immediately after handling the product.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling the product.
Identifiers of Polyhexamethylene guanidine:
CAS Number: 28757-47-3
Molecular Formula: C8H19N5.ClH
Molecular Weight: 221.734
Chemical Name: Polyhexamethylene Biguanide
CAS Number: 32289-58-0
Molecular Formula: (C8H17N5)n · HCl (repeating unit)
EC Number: 608-723-9
UN Number: Not typically assigned
CAS Number: 28757-47-3
EC Number: 923-111-4
MDL No: MFCD00217750
Molecular Formula: C8H19N5
Properties of Polyhexamethylene guanidine:
Molecular Weight: 185.27
Density: 1.2±0.1 g/cm3
Boiling Point: 347.7±25.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Vapour Pressure: 0.0±0.8 mmHg at 25°C
Enthalpy of Vaporization: 59.2±3.0 kJ/mol
Flash Point: 164.1±23.2 °C
Index of Refraction: 1.550
Molar Refractivity: 51.1±0.5 cm3
#H bond acceptors: 5
#H bond donors: 6
#Freely Rotating Bonds: 6
#Rule of 5 Violations: 1
ACD/LogP: 1.36
ACD/LogD (pH 5.5): -1.17
ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 1.00
ACD/KOC (pH 5.5): 1.00
ACD/LogD (pH 7.4): -1.17
ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 1.00
ACD/KOC (pH 7.4): 1.00
Polar Surface Area: 103 Å2
Polarizability: 20.2±0.5 10-24cm3
Surface Tension: 45.7±7.0 dyne/cm
Molar Volume: 160.2±7.0 cm3
Molecular Weight: 185.27 g/mol
XLogP3-AA: 0.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
Rotatable Bond Count: 6
Exact Mass: 185.16404563 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 185.16404563 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 103Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 13
Complexity: 181
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Form: Liquid
Color: Colorless to pale yellow
Odor: Odorless
pH Value (1% Solution): 4.0 – 6.0
Melting Point, °C: Not determined
Boiling Point, °C: 102 – 105°C
Flash Point: Not applicable
Ignition Temperature, °C: Product is not self-igniting
Flammability, °C:
Lower Explosion Limit: Product is not explosive
Upper Explosion Limit: Product is not explosive
Vapor Pressure @ 20°C: 23 hPa
Density @ 20°C: 1.030 – 1.060
Solubility/Miscibility In Water: Fully miscible
Partition Coefficient: n-octanol/water: Not available
Solids Content, %: 19 – 21
