CHLORHEXIDINE DIGLUCONATE
Chlorhexidine digluconate is a widely used antiseptic and disinfectant known for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, making it a staple in both medical and personal care settings.
One of chlorhexidine digluconate's key benefits is its residual activity, which allows it to remain effective for extended periods after application, providing prolonged protection against infections.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is effective against a range of microorganisms, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, though it is less effective against some Gram-negative bacteria and does not inactivate spores.
CAS Number: 18472-51-0
EC Number: 242-354-0
Molecular Formula: C22H30Cl2N10.2C6H12O7
Molecular Weight: 897.76
Synonyms: CHLORHEXIDINE DIGLUCONATE, Chlorhexidine gluconate, Hibiclens, 18472-51-0, Peridex, Dyna-hex, Bioscrub, Hibiscrub, Hibitane, Microderm, Periochip, Periogard, Exidine, Unisept, Chlorhexidine D-digluconate, Brian Care, Steri-Stat, Cida-Stat, Hibistat, Bacticlens, Corsodyl, Disteryl, Hibidil, Kleersight, Orahexal, Plurexid, Prevacare, Septeal, Abacil, Pharmaseal Scrub Care, CHG SCRUB, Fight bac, Plac out, Prevacare R, Arlacide G, Hibitane 5, Chlorhexidine di-D-gluconate, Peridex (antiseptic), Chlorhexidin glukonatu, Bactoshield CHG 2%, Caswell No. 481G, UNII-MOR84MUD8E, MOR84MUD8E, Hibitane gluconate, READYPREP CHG, DRG-0091, EINECS 242-354-0, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 045504, NSC-753971, CHEBI:28312, 1,1'-Hexamethylene bis(5-(p-chlorophenyl)biguanide), digluconate, EC 242-354-0, 1,1'-Hexamethylenebis(5-(p-chlorophenyl)biguanide) di-D-gluconate, NSC 753971, 1,6-Bis(5-(p-chlorophenyl)biguandino)hexane digluconate, 1,1'-Hexamethylenebis(5-(p-chlorophenyl)biguanide) gluconate, 1,1'-Hexamethylenebis(5-(p-chlorophenyl)biguanide)digluconate, Biguanide, 1,1'-hexamethylenebis(5-(p-chlorophenyl)-, digluconate, AVAGARD COMPONENT CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE, SOLUPREP COMPONENT CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE, 2,4,11,13-Tetraazatetradecanediimidamide, N,N''-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-3,12-diimino-, di-D-gluconate, CHLORAPREP COMPONENT CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE, CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE COMPONENT OF AVAGARD, D-Gluconic acid, compound with N,N''-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-3,12-diimino-2,4,11,13-tetraazatetradecanediamidine (2:1), CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE COMPONENT OF SOLUPREP, CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE COMPONENT OF CHLORAPREP, CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE (MART.), CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE [MART.], CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE (USP IMPURITY), CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE [USP IMPURITY], Paroex, Chlorhexidin glukonatu [Czech], 1,6-Bis(N5-[p-chlorophenyl]-N1-biguanido)hexane, pHiso-Med, 1,1'-HBCB, Hibiclens (TN), Periogard (TN), N',N'''''-hexane-1,6-diylbis(N-(4-chlorophenyl)(imidodicarbonimidic diamide))--D-gluconic acid (1/2), N',N'''''-hexane-1,6-diylbis[N-(4-chlorophenyl)(imidodicarbonimidic diamide)]--D-gluconic acid (1/2), Peridex (TN), Chlohexidine gluconate, C22H30Cl2N10.2C6H12O7, Chlorhexidine gluconate [USAN:USP:JAN], SCHEMBL34468, CHEMBL4297088, DTXSID5034519, Chlorhexidine gluconate (JP17/USP), CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE [JAN], CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE [USAN], AKOS015896303, AKOS025310696, CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE [VANDF], CHLORHEXIDINE D-DIGLUCONATE [MI], CHLORHEXIDINE DIGLUCONATE [INCI], CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE [WHO-DD], C3105, CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE [ORANGE BOOK], C08038, D00858, J-011837, 1,1'-Hexamethylenebis[5-(4-chlorophenyl)biguanide] Digluconate, Chlorhexidine digluconate, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, 1,1'-Hexamethylenebis[5-(p-chlorophenyl)biguanide] (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid(1:2), 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-[N-[6-[[N-[N-(4-chlorophenyl)carbamimidoyl]carbamimidoyl]amino]hexyl]carbamimidoyl]guanidine; (2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid, 2,4,11,13-Tetraazatetradecanediimidamide, N,N''-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-3,12-diimino-, digluconate, D-Gluconic acid, compd with N,N''-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-3,12-diimino-2,4,11,13-tetraazatetradecanediimidamide (2:1)
Chlorhexidine digluconate is a widely used antiseptic and disinfectant known for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, making it a staple in both medical and personal care settings.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is the digluconate salt form of chlorhexidine, a biguanide derivative that exhibits potent activity against a wide range of pathogens, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some fungi.
Chlorhexidine digluconate's effectiveness stems from its ability to disrupt bacterial cell membranes and interfere with vital cellular processes, leading to the rapid death of microorganisms.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is commonly formulated in various concentrations and products, including mouthwashes, skin cleansers, wound dressings, and surgical scrubs, due to Chlorhexidine digluconate's reliable and sustained antimicrobial action.
One of Chlorhexidine digluconate's key benefits is its residual activity, which allows it to remain effective for extended periods after application, providing prolonged protection against infections.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is well-tolerated in most individuals, with low toxicity when used as directed, though it can cause mild irritation in some cases.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is also known for its role in preventing biofilm formation, particularly in dental care, where it helps reduce plaque and gingivitis.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is stable under a range of conditions, although it should be protected from excessive heat, light, and extreme pH levels to maintain its efficacy.
In handling and storage, proper precautions are necessary to avoid contamination and ensure safety, including the use of personal protective equipment and adherence to recommended storage conditions.
Overall, chlorhexidine digluconate's broad-spectrum efficacy, extended antimicrobial action, and versatility make it an essential agent in the fight against infections and in maintaining hygiene.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is a disinfectant and antiseptic with the molecular formula C22H30Cl2N10.2C6H12O7, which is used for skin disinfection before surgery and to sterilize surgical instruments.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is an organochlorine compound and a D-gluconate adduct.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is a broad spectrum antiseptic.
Chlorhexidine digluconate has a role as an antibacterial agent.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is functionally related to a chlorhexidine.
Chlorhexidine digluconate solution is a bis(biguanide) family cationic broad spectrum antibiotic that is available in a range of concentrations and has been safely used for over 40 years for a variety of health-related applications; but Chlorhexidine digluconate's specific use for umbilical cord care was uniquely tested in three clinical trials in Nepal, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, in the form of 7.1% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX).
Given the promising results of the trials, in 2013 the World Health Organization (WHO) added CHX to Chlorhexidine digluconate's Model List of Essential Medicines for Children; and in 2014 the WHO issued a new guideline on umbilical cord care, which included a formal recommendation on the use of chlorhexidine.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is known for its pronounced effect by way of preventing the formation of dental plaque, as well as its curative promotion of gingival complaints.
Chlorhexidine digluconates mechanism of action involves destabilization of the outer bacterial membrane.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is effective on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, although it is less effective with some Gram-negative bacteria.
Chlorhexidine digluconate has both bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms of action, the mechanism of action being membrane disruption, not ATPase inactivation as previously thought.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is also useful against fungi and enveloped viruses, though this has not been extensively investigated.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is harmful in high concentrations, but is used safely in low concentrations in many products, such as mouthwash and contact lens solutions.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is a broad-spectrum antiseptic.
Chlorhexidine digluconate has been widely used in a range of applications including wound care, hand washes, preoperative body shower, oral hygiene, and general disinfection.
Chlorhexidine digluconate, also known simply as chlorhexidine, is an antiseptic and disinfectant chemical compound used in various applications, including medicine, dentistry, and personal care.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is also used for cleaning wounds, preventing dental plaque, treating yeast infections of the mouth, and to keep urinary catheters from blocking.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is used as a liquid or a powder.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is known by the salt forms: chlorhexidine gluconate (chlorhexidine digluconate) and chlorhexidine acetate (chlorhexidine diacetate).
Chlorhexidine digluconate rinse is also known to have a bitter metallic aftertaste.
Chlorhexidine digluconate may cause eye problems if direct contact occurs.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is use in pregnancy appears to be safe.
Chlorhexidine may come mixed in alcohol, water, or surfactant solution.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is effective against a range of microorganisms, but does not inactivate spores.
Chlorhexidine digluconate came into medical use in the 1950s.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is available over the counter in the United States.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
In 2020, Chlorhexidine digluconate was the 273rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1 million prescriptions.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is used for skin disinfection before surgery and to sterilize surgical instruments.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is also used for cleaning wounds, preventing dental plaque, treating yeast infections of the mouth, and to keep urinary catheters from blocking.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is used as a liquid or a powder.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is known by the salt forms: chlorhexidine gluconate (chlorhexidine digluconate) and chlorhexidine acetate (chlorhexidine diacetate).
Pharmaceutical secondary standards for application in quality control, provide pharma laboratories and manufacturers with a convenient and cost-effective alternative to the preparation of in-house working standards.
Cationic broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent belonging to the bis(biguanide) family.
Chlorhexidine digluconates mechanism of action involves destabilization of the outer bacterial membrane.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is used primarily as a topical antiseptic/disinfectant in wound healing, at catheterization sites, in various dental applications and in surgical scrubs.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, facultative anaerobes, aerobes, and yeasts.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria (in concentrations ≥ 1 μg/L).
Significantly higher concentrations (10 to more than 73 μg/mL) are required for Gram-negative bacteria and fungi.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is ineffective against polioviruses and adenoviruses.
The effectiveness against herpes viruses has not yet been established unequivocally.
One of the notable features of Chlorhexidine digluconate is its residual antimicrobial effect.
Chlorhexidine digluconate can continue to protect against microbes even after it has been applied and dried, making it especially valuable in healthcare settings where long-lasting protection is required.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is often used as a pre-operative mouth rinse before oral surgery to reduce the bacterial load in the mouth and decrease the risk of post-operative infections.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is sometimes used as a treatment for periodontal (gum) disease.
Chlorhexidine digluconate can help control inflammation and reduce the number of bacteria causing gum disease.
Chlorhexidine digluconate-impregnated dressings or catheters may be used to reduce the risk of catheter-related infections.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is considered safe and effective when used correctly, it's essential to follow usage instructions provided by healthcare professionals or as stated on product labels.
In some cases, long-term or excessive use can lead to side effects, including staining of teeth, dry mouth, or oral irritation.
It's important to inform your healthcare provider of any Chlorhexidine digluconate use, as it may interact with certain medications or medical procedures.
For example, Chlorhexidine digluconate may impact the effectiveness of some blood pressure medications or interact with iodine-based contrast agents used in imaging studies.
Chlorhexidine digluconate products are available both by prescription and over-the-counter, depending on the concentration and specific use.
Over-the-counter mouthwashes, for instance, usually contain lower concentrations suitable for daily oral care, while stronger solutions are often prescribed for surgical or medical applications.
In addition to its use as a surgical skin preparation, Chlorhexidine digluconate is sometimes used for general skin cleansing in medical settings, such as in preparation for injections or intravenous lines.
Concerns have been raised about the environmental impact of Chlorhexidine digluconate when it enters wastewater systems, as Chlorhexidine digluconate is not easily biodegradable.
This has led to the exploration of more eco-friendly alternatives in some applications.
Over time, some microorganisms have developed resistance to Chlorhexidine digluconate, particularly in healthcare settings.
This underscores the importance of using Chlorhexidine digluconate judiciously and according to recommended guidelines to prevent the development of resistance.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is used in wound care to help prevent infection and promote healing.
Chlorhexidine digluconate can be applied to clean and disinfect wounds and is sometimes used in conjunction with other wound dressings or antibiotics.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is an essential part of infection control protocols in healthcare facilities.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is used for surgical hand scrubbing by healthcare personnel and as a pre-operative skin preparation for patients undergoing surgery.
In healthcare settings, Chlorhexidine digluconate is often used to reduce the risk of CAUTIs, which can occur when bacteria travel up a urinary catheter.
Specialized catheters coated with Chlorhexidine digluconate or catheter care protocols involving chlorhexidine use are employed to lower this risk.
Chlorhexidine digluconate has been used in neonatal care to reduce infections in newborns.
Chlorhexidine digluconate may be applied topically to the umbilical cord stump to prevent neonatal infections.
In addition to its use in human healthcare, Chlorhexidine digluconate is employed in veterinary medicine for similar purposes, including the disinfection of surgical sites and the control of skin and wound infections in animals.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is generally considered safe, pregnant and nursing women should consult healthcare professionals before using chlorhexidine products, especially if they contain high concentrations of Chlorhexidine digluconate.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is used to disinfect certain medical devices, such as endoscopes and ultrasound probes, to prevent cross-contamination.
Healthcare professionals and individuals using Chlorhexidine digluconate products should adhere to specific guidelines and recommendations regarding its use.
This ensures that Chlorhexidine digluconate is employed safely and effectively in various healthcare and personal care contexts.
Uses of Chlorhexidine Digluconate:
Chlorhexidine digluconate is a preservative generally used in concentrations of 0.01 to 0.1 percent to protect against bacteria.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is unstable at high temperatures.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is more widely used in europe than in the united States.
Chlorhexidine digluconate of benzyl-nitrogen bonds.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is an antimicrobial irrigant that is used as an antiseptic for the skin in the healthcare industry.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is used in hospitals to prevent infection of patients during surgeries and can also be found in mouthrinses.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is used in disinfectants (disinfection of the skin and hands), cosmetics (additive to creams, toothpaste, deodorants, and antiperspirants), and pharmaceutical products (preservative in eye drops, active substance in wound dressings and antiseptic mouthwashes).
A 2019 Cochrane review concluded that based on very low certainty evidence in those who are critically ill "Chlorhexidine digluconate is not clear whether bathing with chlorhexidine reduces hospital-acquired infections, mortality, or length of stay in the ICU, or whether the use of chlorhexidine results in more skin reactions."
Chlorhexidine digluconate is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, cosmetics and personal care products, perfumes and fragrances, air care products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products) and polishes and waxes.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and health services.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is used for the manufacture of: pulp, paper and paper products, food products.
Release to the environment of Chlorhexidine digluconate can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites and in the production of articles.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is primarily used as an antiseptic and disinfectant.
Chlorhexidine digluconate has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, meaning it can kill or inhibit a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and some viruses.
This makes Chlorhexidine digluconate effective in reducing the risk of infections.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is often used to disinfect skin before surgical procedures, to clean wounds, and to disinfect medical equipment.
Chlorhexidine digluconate's used in mouthwashes, toothpaste, and dental procedures to control oral infections and plaque formation.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is commonly found in mouthwashes and dental products designed to combat gingivitis, reduce plaque buildup, and prevent oral infections.
Chlorhexidine digluconate can help control bad breath and promote good oral hygiene.
Chlorhexidine digluconate may be found in over-the-counter topical antiseptic solutions and ointments for minor cuts, scrapes, and burns.
Some hand sanitizers and disinfectant products contain Chlorhexidine digluconate as one of their active ingredients to provide long-lasting protection against pathogens.
In some cosmetic and personal care products, Chlorhexidine digluconate may be used as a preservative to extend the product's shelf life by preventing microbial contamination.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is also used in veterinary medicine to disinfect surgical sites, treat skin infections, and maintain oral health in animals.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is generally safe when used as directed, it can cause adverse reactions in some individuals, such as skin irritation or allergic reactions.
Chlorhexidine digluconate should not be ingested, and products containing chlorhexidine should be used according to the instructions on the label.
Chlorhexidine digluconate has been used for root canal irrigation and as an intracanal dressing but has been replaced by the use of sodium hypochlorite bleach in much of the developed world.
Chlorhexidine digluconate mouthwashes are used to reduce dental plaque, treat gingivitis, and prevent oral infections.
Some toothpaste formulations include Chlorhexidine digluconate to provide additional protection against plaque and gingivitis.
Healthcare professionals use Chlorhexidine digluconate for hand disinfection before surgical procedures to reduce the risk of surgical site infections.
Prior to surgery or medical procedures, Chlorhexidine digluconate is applied to the skin to reduce the risk of infections at the incision site.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is used to clean and disinfect wounds, cuts, and burns to prevent infection and promote healing.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is used to reduce the risk of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) by keeping the catheter insertion site clean and disinfected.
In neonatal care, Chlorhexidine digluconate may be applied to the umbilical cord stump of newborns to prevent infection.
Patients may use chlorhexidine mouthwash before oral surgery to reduce bacteria in the oral cavity.
Chlorhexidine digluconate can be applied during dental procedures to reduce the risk of post-operative infections.
In veterinary medicine, Chlorhexidine digluconate is used for similar purposes, such as disinfection of surgical sites, wound care, and general antiseptic use in animals.
Chlorhexidine digluconate may be used in healthcare settings to disinfect medical equipment and surfaces to prevent cross-contamination.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is used to disinfect the skin before injections, venipuncture, or the placement of intravenous lines.
Chlorhexidine digluconate as an active ingredient for long-lasting protection against pathogens.
In some cosmetic and personal care products, Chlorhexidine digluconate is used as a preservative to prevent microbial contamination and extend shelf life.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is used primarily as a topical antiseptic/disinfectant in wound healing, at catheterization sites, in various dental applications and in surgical scrubs.
The gluconate salt form of Chlorhexidine digluconate, a biguanide compound used as an antiseptic agent with topical antibacterial activity.
Chlorhexidine digluconate gluconate is positively charged and reacts with the negatively charged microbial cell surface, thereby destroying the integrity of the cell membrane.
Subsequently, Chlorhexidine digluconate gluconate penetrates into the cell and causes leakage of intracellular components leading to cell death.
Since gram positive bacteria are more negatively charged, they are more sensitive to this agent.
Chlorhexidine digluconate digluconate 20% solution is a broad spectrum bacteriostatis antiseptic agent, oral care agent, disinfectant, cosmetic biocide, and preservative.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is very effective against plaque, oral flora including Candida and is active against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, facultative anaerobes, aerobes, and yeast.
Chlorhexidine digluconate can be used in antiseptic soap, mouthwash that fights plaque, disinfecting wounds and burns, vaginal flushing, hair dyes and bleaches, makeup, and other skin and hair care products.
Use of a Chlorhexidine digluconate-based mouthwash in combination with normal tooth care can help reduce the build-up of plaque and improve mild gingivitis.
There is not enough evidence to determine the effect in moderate to severe gingivitis.
Chlorhexidine digluconates use as a mouthwash has a number of adverse effects including damage to the mouth lining, tooth discoloration, tartar build-up, and impaired taste.
Extrinsic tooth staining occurs when chlorhexidine rinse has been used for 4 weeks or longer.
Mouthwashes containing Chlorhexidine digluconate which stain teeth less than the classic solution have been developed, many of which contain chelated zinc.
In addition to its use in healthcare facilities, Chlorhexidine digluconate can be used for catheter care in home settings.
This is particularly important for individuals who require long-term urinary catheters to reduce the risk of urinary tract infections.
Chlorhexidine digluconate may be used to disinfect the exit site for peritoneal dialysis catheters to prevent peritonitis, an infection of the peritoneum.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is used in veterinary dentistry for oral health care in animals, including dental cleanings, surgical procedures, and treatment of oral infections.
Some antifungal creams and ointments for skin infections, like athlete's foot, may contain chlorhexidine as an active ingredient.
In the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers, Chlorhexidine digluconate may be used to cleanse the ulcer and prevent or treat infection.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is used as part of infection control measures in environments where the risk of infectious diseases is high, such as correctional facilities and long-term care facilities.
Some cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy use Chlorhexidine digluconate mouthwash to manage mouth sores and prevent oral infections.
Chlorhexidine digluconate may be employed in post-surgical wound care to reduce the risk of surgical site infections and ensure optimal healing.
Chlorhexidine digluconate may be part of the medical supplies used in disaster response efforts to reduce the risk of infections in emergency medical situations.
Chlorhexidine digluconate may be used for oral hygiene to ensure patient comfort and reduce the risk of infections.
Chlorhexidine digluconate plays a role in maintaining infection control standards in long-term care facilities to protect vulnerable residents from healthcare-associated infections.
In situations where individuals receive healthcare services at home, healthcare providers may use Chlorhexidine digluconate for various applications, such as wound care and catheter care.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, Chlorhexidine digluconate-based hand sanitizers and disinfectants were used extensively to reduce the risk of infection.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is an antiseptic and disinfectant commonly used in various medical and personal care applications.
Chlorhexidine digluconate's primary uses include:
Skin Antiseptic:
Applied to the skin before surgical procedures or injections to reduce the risk of infections.
Oral Rinse:
Chlorhexidine digluconate is used in mouthwashes (e.g., Peridex, Corsodyl) to treat or prevent gum disease (gingivitis) by reducing bacteria in the mouth.
Wound Cleaning:
Often used to clean and disinfect wounds to prevent infection.
Hand Hygiene:
Found in antiseptic hand scrubs and washes for healthcare professionals to reduce the spread of germs.
Catheter Care:
Chlorhexidine digluconate is used to disinfect catheter insertion sites to reduce the risk of infection.
Presurgical Cleaning:
Chlorhexidine digluconate is used to clean the surgical area before incision to reduce microbial load.
Experimental Properties of Chlorhexidine Digluconate:
Antimicrobial Properties:
Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial:
Effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some fungi and viruses.
However, Chlorhexidine digluconate is less effective against bacterial spores and mycobacteria.
Bactericidal/Bacteriostatic Action:
At lower concentrations, Chlorhexidine digluconate acts as a bacteriostatic agent (inhibits bacterial growth), and at higher concentrations, Chlorhexidine digluconate becomes bactericidal (kills bacteria).
Sustained Activity:
Chlorhexidine digluconate has residual antibacterial effects that continue for several hours after application, making it useful in healthcare settings.
Benefits of Chlorhexidine Digluconate:
Chlorhexidine digluconate offers numerous benefits, making it a preferred antiseptic and disinfectant in medical and personal care settings.
Chlorhexidine digluconate's broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity effectively targets both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as some fungi, ensuring robust protection against infections.
One of Chlorhexidine digluconate's key advantages is its residual action, providing extended antimicrobial effects even after the initial application, which is particularly valuable in surgical scrubs and wound care.
Additionally, Chlorhexidine digluconate has a low toxicity profile when used at typical concentrations, making it safe for use on the skin, mucous membranes, and in the oral cavity.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is also known for its ability to prevent biofilm formation, making it ideal for dental care by reducing plaque and gingivitis.
Chlorhexidine digluconate's versatility is evident in its wide range of formulations, such as mouthwashes, gels, and skin cleansers, and its stability across different pH levels and temperatures ensures reliable performance in various environments.
Moreover, Chlorhexidine digluconate is easy to apply, with ready-to-use solutions that enhance convenience for both healthcare professionals and patients.
Overall, chlorhexidine digluconate is a highly effective and safe antimicrobial agent.
Features of Chlorhexidine Digluconate:
Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Activity:
Effective Against Bacteria:
Works against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, making Chlorhexidine digluconate versatile for medical use.
Some Fungal Activity:
Effective against Candida species, contributing to Chlorhexidine digluconate's use in treating oral thrush.
Viral Activity:
Limited, but has some efficacy against enveloped viruses.
Sustained Antimicrobial Action:
Chlorhexidine binds strongly to the skin and mucous membranes, providing extended antimicrobial protection (lasting up to several hours) after application.
This makes Chlorhexidine digluconate particularly useful in surgical scrubs and antiseptic treatments.
Non-Toxic at Low Concentrations:
At typical concentrations used in medical and dental applications (e.g., 0.12%-4%), chlorhexidine digluconate has a low systemic toxicity.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is safe for use on skin, in the mouth (as a rinse), and for wound cleansing.
Low Absorption:
Minimal absorption through intact skin and mucous membranes limits systemic exposure.
Non-Sensitizing and Non-Allergenic:
Generally well-tolerated by most individuals when used topically.
However, rare allergic reactions or sensitivity (such as contact dermatitis) can occur in susceptible individuals.
Versatile Forms and Applications:
Available in various concentrations (e.g., 0.12% for mouth rinses, 4% for skin antiseptic washes) tailored to specific needs.
Formulations:
Can be found in a variety of forms, including aqueous solutions, gels, creams, sprays, and impregnated wipes.
Chlorhexidine digluconate is also incorporated into medical devices like catheters and dressings to prevent infections.
Prevention of Biofilm Formation:
In dental applications, chlorhexidine reduces plaque formation and bacterial growth on the teeth and gums, preventing gingivitis and periodontitis.
Compatibility with a Range of Materials:
Compatible with most medical-grade materials such as silicone, plastics, and stainless steel, making Chlorhexidine digluconate suitable for use in medical devices, catheters, and wound dressings.
Fast Acting:
Quickly disrupts bacterial cell membranes, providing rapid antimicrobial action upon application, crucial in surgical scrubs and antiseptic use.
Wide Temperature and pH Stability:
Stable over a wide temperature range and in solutions with pH values ranging from slightly acidic to neutral, making Chlorhexidine digluconate reliable in various environments.
Easy to Use:
Available in ready-to-use formulations (e.g., skin scrubs, mouthwashes, and wound care products) that do not require dilution or preparation, ensuring ease of use in clinical settings and at home.
Action Mode of Chlorhexidine Digluconate:
Disruption of Cell Membranes:
Chlorhexidine digluconate works by binding to the bacterial cell wall and disrupting the cell membrane, causing leakage of cellular contents and eventual cell death.
Prevents Biofilm Formation:
In oral care products, Chlorhexidine digluconate helps reduce the formation of dental plaque and biofilm, making it effective in preventing gum diseases.
Manufacturing of Chlorhexidine Digluconate:
The manufacturing process for chlorhexidine digluconate involves several steps to ensure the production of a high-quality and effective antiseptic.
Here’s an overview of the typical manufacturing process:
Raw Material Preparation:
Chlorhexidine digluconate is synthesized from chlorhexidine base, which is produced through the reaction of 1,6-bis(4-chlorophenylbiguanide) with gluconic acid or gluconate salts.
The chlorhexidine base is purified to remove any impurities or byproducts.
This may involve recrystallization or other purification techniques.
Reaction and Formulation:
Chlorhexidine base is reacted with gluconic acid or gluconate salts to form chlorhexidine digluconate.
This is typically done in a controlled environment to ensure complete reaction and prevent contamination.
The resulting chlorhexidine digluconate is mixed with water or other solvents to achieve the desired concentration.
Additional ingredients, such as stabilizers or buffers, may be added to enhance stability and effectiveness.
Quality Control:
The solution is tested for concentration, pH, appearance, and other physical and chemical properties to ensure Chlorhexidine digluconate meets the required specifications.
This includes tests for purity, microbial contamination, and the presence of impurities.
For certain applications, especially in pharmaceutical and medical uses, the solution may be sterilized using filtration or other methods to ensure Chlorhexidine digluconate is free from microorganisms.
Filling and Packaging:
The prepared solution is transferred into appropriate containers, such as bottles or vials, under sterile conditions if required.
Automated filling lines are often used to maintain consistency and efficiency.
Containers are sealed and labeled according to regulatory requirements.
Packaging materials are chosen to protect the solution from light, air, and contamination.
Labeling and Documentation:
Containers are labeled with important information, including concentration, usage instructions, expiration date, and batch number.
Labels must comply with regulatory guidelines.
Manufacturing records, quality control results, and batch documentation are maintained for traceability and compliance with regulatory standards.
Storage and Distribution:
Finished products are stored in controlled conditions to maintain their stability and efficacy.
This includes protection from extreme temperatures and light.
The products are distributed to healthcare facilities, pharmacies, or other end-users, following strict guidelines to ensure they reach their destination in optimal condition.
Regulatory Compliance:
The manufacturing process adheres to GMP standards to ensure the product’s quality and safety.
This includes regular inspections, process validations, and adherence to strict hygiene and safety protocols.
Depending on the intended use, the product may require approval from regulatory agencies such as the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) or EMA (European Medicines Agency) before Chlorhexidine digluconate can be marketed.
Handling and Storage of Chlorhexidine Digluconate:
Handling:
Avoid Contact:
Prevent direct contact with skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.
Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety glasses.
Use in Well-Ventilated Areas:
Handle in areas with good ventilation to avoid inhaling vapors or aerosols.
Avoid Contamination:
Keep away from food and drink.
Ensure that equipment used is clean and free from contamination.
Training:
Ensure personnel handling the product are properly trained in Chlorhexidine digluconate's use and handling procedures.
Storage:
Conditions:
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat.
Ideal storage temperatures typically range from 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F).
Containers:
Keep in tightly sealed containers to prevent contamination and evaporation.
Containers should be made of materials compatible with chlorhexidine digluconate.
Separation:
Store away from incompatible substances such as strong acids, bases, or oxidizers.
Labeling:
Ensure that all storage containers are clearly labeled with the contents, concentration, and handling instructions.
Stability and Reactivity of Chlorhexidine Digluconate:
Stability:
Chemical Stability:
Generally stable in aqueous solutions under recommended storage conditions.
Stability may decrease with exposure to light, high temperatures, or extreme pH.
Shelf Life:
Typically has a shelf life of 1 to 2 years when stored correctly.
Check specific product labeling for precise shelf life information.
Reactivity:
Incompatibilities:
Avoid contact with anionic surfactants, strong acids, or strong bases, which may reduce effectiveness or cause reactions.
Decomposition:
Decomposes under extreme conditions, such as high temperatures or highly acidic or alkaline environments.
Polymerization:
Not prone to polymerization.
First Aid Measures of Chlorhexidine Digluconate:
Inhalation:
Move to Fresh Air:
Remove the affected person from exposure to fresh air immediately.
Seek Medical Attention:
If symptoms persist or are severe, seek medical attention.
Skin Contact:
Wash Off:
Rinse the affected area with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
Remove contaminated clothing and wash before reuse.
Seek Medical Attention:
If irritation persists or there is a significant exposure, seek medical advice.
Eye Contact:
Rinse Immediately:
Flush eyes with water or saline solution for at least 15 minutes.
Hold the eyelids open to ensure thorough rinsing.
Seek Medical Attention:
If irritation persists or vision is affected, seek medical attention.
Ingestion:
Do Not Induce Vomiting:
Do not induce vomiting unless instructed by a medical professional.
Rinse Mouth:
Rinse mouth with water and seek medical attention immediately.
Provide the product container or label if available.
Firefighting Measures of Chlorhexidine Digluconate:
Suitable Extinguishing Media:
Water:
Can be used for extinguishing fires involving chlorhexidine digluconate solutions.
Foam:
Alcohol-resistant foam can be used if the product is in an organic solvent.
Dry Chemical:
Suitable for small fires.
Specific Hazards:
Combustion Products:
May release toxic fumes such as hydrochloric acid or nitrogen oxides when burned.
Protective Equipment:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and full protective clothing when fighting fires.
Special Precautions:
Containment:
Prevent run-off from firefighting to enter waterways or sewers.
Cool Containers:
Keep containers cool with water spray to prevent rupture.
Accidental Release Measures of Chlorhexidine Digluconate:
Personal Precautions:
Avoid Contact:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment, including gloves and safety glasses.
Ventilation:
Ensure adequate ventilation in the area of the spill.
Containment and Cleanup:
Contain Spills:
Use absorbent materials like sand, earth, or commercial absorbents to contain and absorb the spill.
Collect and Dispose:
Place absorbed material into suitable waste containers and dispose of according to local regulations.
Clean the affected area thoroughly with water.
Environmental Precautions:
Prevent Run-off:
Avoid allowing the spill to enter waterways or drainage systems.
Report:
Notify appropriate authorities if the spill poses a significant environmental hazard.
Exposure Controls and Personal Protective Equipment of Chlorhexidine Digluconate:
Exposure Limits:
Occupational Exposure Limits:
No specific exposure limits are generally provided for chlorhexidine digluconate; however, general good practice should be followed to minimize exposure.
Personal Protective Equipment:
Respiratory Protection:
Use if ventilation is inadequate or if there is a risk of inhaling vapors.
A respirator with an appropriate filter is recommended.
Hand Protection:
Wear chemical-resistant gloves, such as nitrile or latex, to prevent skin contact.
Eye Protection:
Use safety glasses or goggles to protect eyes from splashes or contact.
Skin Protection:
Wear protective clothing, such as lab coats or aprons, to prevent skin contact with the solution.
Engineering Controls:
Ventilation:
Use local exhaust ventilation or fume hoods to minimize inhalation exposure.
Safety Showers and Eyewash Stations:
Ensure availability of safety showers and eyewash stations in areas where chlorhexidine digluconate is handled.
Identifiers of Chlorhexidine Digluconate:
IUPAC Name: 1,1'-Hexamethylenebis[5-(p-chlorophenyl)biguanide] digluconate
CAS Number: 18472-51-0
Molecular Formula: C34H54Cl2N10O14
Molecular Weight: 897.76 g/mol
PubChem CID: 9552073
EC (EINECS) Number: 242-354-0
UNII: MOR84MUD8E (Unique Ingredient Identifier by FDA)
Trade Names: Peridex, Corsodyl, Hibiclens, Chlorohex, Savacol, etc.
Pharmacological Class: Antiseptic, Disinfectant
ATC Code: D08AC02 (for dermatological use)
FDA Substance Registration System (SRS): MOR84MUD8E
IUPAC Name: 2-[6-[[amino-[[amino-(4-chloroanilino)methylidene]amino]methylidene]amino]hexyl]-1-[amino-(4-chloroanilino)methylidene]guanidine;(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanoic acid
Molecular Weight: 897.76
Molecular Formula: C22H30Cl2N10.2C6H12O7
Canonical SMILES: C1=CC(=CC=C1NC(=NC(=NCCCCCCN=C(N)N=C(N)NC2=CC=C(C=C2)Cl)N)N)Cl.C(C(C(C(C(C(=O)O)O)O)O)O)O.C(C(C(C(C(C(=O)O)O)O)O)O)O
InChI: InChI=1S/C22H30Cl2N10.2C6H12O7/c23-15-5-9-17(10-6-15)31-21(27)33-19(25)29-13-3-1-2-4-14-30-20(26)34-22(28)32-18-11-7-16(24)8-12-18;2*7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13/h5-12H,1-4,13-14H2,(H5,25,27,29,31,33)(H5,26,28,30,32,34);2*2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13)/t;2*2-,3-,4+,5-/m.11/s1
InChIKey: YZIYKJHYYHPJIB-UUPCJSQJSA-N
Boiling Point: 699.3 °C at 760 mmHg
Melting Point: 134 °C
Flash Point: 376.7°C
Purity: ≥95%
Density: 1.060 g/mL at 25 °C
Solubility: Soluble in DMSO, Water
Appearance: Powder
Application: Anti-Infective Agents, Local
Storage: Store at -20°C
EINECS: 242-354-0
HS Code: 3004909090
Log P: -0.70240
MDL: MFCD00083599
PSA: 444.48
CAS Number: 18472-51-0
MDL number: MFCD00083599
UNSPSC Code: 41116107
PubChem Substance ID: 329823285
NACRES: NA.24
Properties of Chlorhexidine Digluconate:
Density: 1.06 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
vapor pressure: 0.005Pa at 25℃
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: water: soluble50% (w/v)
form: Liquid
color: Colorless
Viscosity: 2.51mm2/s
Water Solubility: 750g/L at 20℃
λmax: 257nm(H2O)(lit.)
Sensitive: Light Sensitive
Merck: 14,2091
InChIKey: YZIYKJHYYHPJIB-UUPCJSQJSA-N
LogP: -1.81 at 20.7℃
CAS DataBase Reference: 18472-51-0(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 2-4
Quality Level: 300
API family: chlorhexidine
CofA: current certificate can be downloaded
application(s): pharmaceutical (small molecule)
format: single component solution
storage temp.: 2-8°C
SMILES string: OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O.OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)=O.Clc1ccc(NC(=N)NC(=N)NCCCCCCNC(=N)NC(=N)Nc2ccc(Cl)cc2)cc1
InChI: 1S/C22H30Cl2N10.2C6H12O7/c23-15-5-9-17(10-6-15)31-21(27)33-19(25)29-13-3-1-2-4-14-30-20(26)34-22(28)32-18-11-7-16(24)8-12-18;2*7-1-2(8)3(9)4(10)5(11)6(12)13/h5-12H,1-4,13-14H2,(H5,25,27,29,31,33)(H5,26,28,30,32,34);2*2-5,7-11H,1H2,(H,12,13)/t;2*2-,3-,4+,5-/m.11/s1
InChI key: YZIYKJHYYHPJIB-UUPCJSQJSA-N
Molecular Weight: 897.8 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 18
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 16
Rotatable Bond Count: 23
Exact Mass: 896.3198018 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 896.3198018 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 455Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 60
Complexity: 819
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 8
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 2
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes