POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE
Potassium sodium tartrate, also known as Rochelle salt, is a double salt of tartaric acid first prepared (in about 1675) by an apothecary, Pierre Seignette, of La Rochelle, France.
Potassium sodium tartrate and monopotassium phosphate were the first materials discovered to exhibit piezoelectricity, leading to its extensive use in early phonograph pickups, microphones, and earpieces during the mid-20th century.
Potassium sodium tartrate is an ingredient of Fehling's solution, formerly used in the determination of reducing sugars in solutions, and is also used in protein crystallography and as a component of the Biuret reagent for measuring protein concentration.
CAS Number: 306-35-0
EC Number: 206-820-1
Chemical Formula: KNaC4H4O6·4H2O
Molar Mass: 210.158 g/mol
Synonyms: Potassium sodium tartrate, Seignette salt, 304-59-6, Rochelle salt, SODIUM POTASSIUM TARTRATE, Potassium sodium L(+)-tartrate, Monopotassium monosodium tartrate, Sodium potassium L-tartrate, Potassium sodium tartrate anhydrous, 147-79-5, Tartaric acid, monopotassium monosodium salt, L-Potassium sodium tartrate, P49F8NV7ES, CHEBI:63019, Sodium potassium salt of L-(+)-tartaric acid, Alkaline potassium sodium tartrate, potassium;sodium;(2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate, 2,3-Dihydroxybutanedioic acid, monopotassium monosodium salt, CCRIS 3949, HSDB 765, Sodium potassium (dl)-tartrate, Potassium sodium tartrate tetrahydrate, EINECS 206-156-8, potassium sodium l-tartrate, UNII-P49F8NV7ES, Rochelle's salt, Seignette's salt, EINECS 205-698-2, Tartaric acid, potassium sodium salt, potassium sodium (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate, ROCHELLE SALTS, Potassium sodium (R*,R*)-(1)-tartrate, Butanedioic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy- (2R,3R)-, monopotassium monosodium salt, Butanedioic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-, monopotassium monosodium salt, L-Potassiumsodiumtartrate, Monopotassium monosodium 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate, (R-(R*,R*))-, Butanedioic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy- (R-(R*,R*))-, monopotassium monosodium salt, EC 206-156-8, potassium sodium L-tartarate, POTASSIUMSODIUMTARTRATE, SCHEMBL454101, CHEMBL2219738, DTXSID60932999, DTXSID90889341, Potassium Sodium L-(+)-Tartrate, AKOS015915091, POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE, potassium sodium tartrate tetrahy-drate, Butanedioic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy- (theta-(theta,theta))-, monopotassium monosodium salt, POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE, L-Potassium sodium tartrate 304-59-6, 15490-42-3, ANHYDROUS SODIUM POTASSIUM TARTRATE, BP-21323, L-(+)-Tartaric Acid Potassium Sodium Salt, P1798, F76579, potassium sodium (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate, ANHYDROUS SODIUM POTASSIUM TARTRATE, Potassium sodium 2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate (1/1/1), rel-Potassium sodium (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxysuccinate, Potassium sodium tartrate solution, BioUltra, 1.5 M in H2O, Butanedioic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy- (2R,3R)-, potassium sodium salt (1:1:1), BUTANEDIOIC ACID, 2,3-DIHYDROXY-, (R-(R*,R*))-, MONOPOTASSIUM MONOSODIUM SALT, Potassium sodium tartrate, Butanedioic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-, monopotassium monosodium salt, Butanedioic acid, 2,3-dihydroxy-, potassium sodium salt (1:1:1), Fehling's reagent (B), Kaliumnatrium-2,3-dihydroxysuccinat (1:1:1), MFCD00012467 [MDL number], MONOPOTASSIUM MONOSODIUM TARTRATE, Potassium sodium 2,3-dihydroxysuccinate (1:1:1), Potassium sodium tartrate anhydrous, Sodium potassium (dl)-tartrate, Sodium potassium tartrate, Tartaric acid, monopotassium monosodium salt, Tartrate de potassium et de sodium (1:1:1), 1313437-85-2, 147-79-5, 6100-16-9, 6381-59-5, MFCD00150989, potassium sodium 2,3-dihydroxysuccinate, potassium sodium tartaric acid, potassiumsodiumtartrate, Rochelle salt, Seignettesalz, sodium potassium tartarate, sodium potassium tartaric acid, tartaric acid monosodium monokalium
Potassium sodium tartrate is a double salt of tartaric acid first prepared (in about 1675) by an apothecary, Pierre Seignette, of La Rochelle, France.
Potassium sodium tartrate and monopotassium phosphate were the first materials discovered to exhibit piezoelectricity.
This property led to Potassium sodium tartrate extensive use in "crystal" gramophone (phono) pick-ups, microphones and earpieces during the post-World War II consumer electronics boom of the mid-20th century.
Such transducers had an exceptionally high output with typical pick-up cartridge outputs as much as 2 volts or more.
Rochelle salt is deliquescent so any transducers based on the material deteriorated if stored in damp conditions.
Potassium sodium tartrate has been used medicinally as a laxative.
Potassium sodium tartrate has also been used in the process of silvering mirrors.
Potassium sodium tartrate is an ingredient of Fehling's solution (reagent for reducing sugars).
Potassium sodium tartrate is used in electroplating, in electronics and piezoelectricity, and as a combustion accelerator in cigarette paper (similar to an oxidizer in pyrotechnics).
In organic synthesis, Potassium sodium tartrate is used in aqueous workups to break up emulsions, particularly for reactions in which an aluminium-based hydride reagent was used.
Sodium Potassium tartrate is also important in the food industry.
Potassium sodium tartrate is a common precipitant in protein crystallography and is also an ingredient in the Biuret reagent which is used to measure protein concentration.
Potassium sodium tartrate maintains cupric ions in solution at an alkaline pH.
Potassium sodium tartrate is a ferroelectric crystal with a high piezoelectric effect and electromechanical coupling coefficient.
Sodium potassium tartrate is a double salt of tartaric acid with a chemical formula C4H4O6KNa·4H2O.
Potassium sodium tartrate is also known as Rochelle salt or Potassium sodium tartrate.
Potassium sodium tartrate is a colourless to white crystalline powder with a cool and saline taste.
Potassium sodium tartrate has a pH value of 6.5 – 8.5.
Potassium sodium tartrate has a large piezometric effect which makes Potassium sodium tartrate widely useful in sensitive vibrational and acoustic devices.
Potassium sodium tartrate (KNaC4H6O6) is a salt made of potassium and sodium.
Potassium sodium tartrate is used as an additive to foods, as a preservative, or in the manufacture of other products such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and photographic chemicals.
Potassium sodium tartrate has been shown to have physiological effects on humans, animals and plants.
The effect of KNaC4H6O6 on enzymes has been studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
The phase transition temperature for this compound is around 130°C.
This property can be utilized to purify water vapor by condensing Potassium sodium tartrate at that temperature and then releasing Potassium sodium tartrate when the temperature drops below 100°C.
Potassium sodium tartrate is a double salt first prepared (in about 1675) by an apothecary, Pierre Seignette, of La Rochelle, France.
As a result the salt was known as Seignette's salt or Rochelle salt.
Potassium sodium tartrate is a colorless to blue-white salt crystallizing in the orthorhombic system.
Potassium sodium tartrate molecular formula is KNaC4H4O6·4H2O.
Potassium sodium tartrate is slightly soluble in alcohol but more completely soluble in water.
Potassium sodium tartrate has a specific gravity of about 1.79, a melting point of approximately 75 °C, and has a saline, cooling taste.
As a food additive, Potassium sodium tartrate E number is E337.
Potassium sodium tartrate has been used medicinally as a purgative but in more recent years Potassium sodium tartrate piezoelectric properties have been more important and Potassium sodium tartrate has found usage in phonograph pickups and other sensing devices.
Potassium sodium tartrate has also been used in the process of silvering mirrors.
Potassium sodium tartrate is an ingredient of Fehling's solution, formerly used in the determination of reducing sugars in solutions.
In organic synthesis, Potassium sodium tartrate is used in aqueous workups to break up emulsions, particularly for reactions in which an aluminum-based hydride reagent was used.
Potassium sodium tartrate is also an ingredient in the Biuret reagent which is used to measure protein concentration.
Potassium sodium tartrate, also known as Rochelle salt, is a double salt of tartaric acid first prepared (in about 1675) by an apothecary, Pierre Seignette, of La Rochelle, France.
Potassium sodium tartrate and monopotassium phosphate were the first materials discovered to exhibit piezoelectricity.
This property led to Potassium sodium tartrate extensive use in "crystal" gramophone (phono) pick-ups, microphones and earpieces during the post-World War II consumer electronics boom of the mid-20th Century.
Such transducers had an exceptionally high output with typical pick-up cartridge outputs as much as 2 volts or more.
Rochelle salt is deliquescent so any transducers based on the material deteriorated if stored in damp conditions.
Potassium sodium tartrate has been used medicinally as a laxative.
Potassium sodium tartrate has also been used in the process of silvering mirrors.
Potassium sodium tartrate is an ingredient of Fehling's solution (reagent for reducing sugars).
Potassium sodium tartrate is used in electroplating, in electronics and piezoelectricity, and as a combustion accelerator in cigarette paper.
In organic synthesis, Potassium sodium tartrate is used in aqueous workups to break up emulsions, particularly for reactions in which an aluminium-based hydride reagent was used.
Sodium Potassium tartrate is also important in the food industry.
Potassium sodium tartrate is a common precipitant in protein crystallography and is also an ingredient in the Biuret reagent which is used to measure protein concentration.
Potassium sodium tartrate maintains cupric ions in solution at an alkaline pH.
Uses of Potassium Sodium Tartrate:
Potassium sodium tartrate has been used in the preparation of Lowry reagent for the determination of microsomal protein concentration in rat hepatic microsomes by Lowry method.
Potassium sodium tartrate may be used as a constituent to prepare DNS (3,5- dinitrosalicylic acid) reagent and Fehling′s solution B, which are used in the determination of reducing sugar.
Potassium sodium tartrate is used as sequestrant and general purpose food additive.
Potassium sodium tartrate is used in mirror production, Fehling's solution, crystal-controlled oscillators, and as saline cathartic
Sodium potassium tartrate is used as a laxative.
Potassium sodium tartrate is used in the silvering of mirrors.
Potassium sodium tartrate is one of the ingredients in Fehling’s solution.
Potassium sodium tartrate is used in the electroplating process.
Potassium sodium tartrate is used in cigarette paper.
Potassium sodium tartrate is used to break up emulsions.
Potassium sodium tartrate is one of the ingredients in Biuret reagent to measure the concentration of protein.
Potassium sodium tartrate helps to maintain alkaline pH.
Potassium sodium tartrate is used as a common precipitant in protein crystallography.
Potassium sodium tartrate, also known as Rochelle salt, is a chemical compound with the formula KNAC4HO6.4H20
Potassium sodium tartrate is used in various applications across different industries.
Here are some common uses:
Food Industry:
Leavening Agent:
Potassium sodium tartrate is used as a component in baking powders and other leaving agents, where it helps to release carbon dioxide gas, aiding in the rising of doughs and batters.
Stabilizer:
Potassium sodium tartrate is used as a stabilizer in some food products, including cream of tartar.
Pharmaceuticals:
Medicinal Uses:
Historically, Potassium sodium tartrate has been used in certain medicinal formulations and as a laxative, although it is less common today due to the availability of more effective alternatives.
Chemical Industry:
Potassium sodium tartrate Production:
Potassium sodium tartrate is used in the production of tartaric acid and other tartaric derivatives.
Potassium sodium tartrate is important in various chemical processes and formulations.
Photography:
Photography Chemicals:
Potassium sodium tartrate is used in the photographic industry in certain developing and fixing solutions, although its use has decreased with advancements in photographic technology.
Cleaning and Descaling:
Cleaning Agent:
Potassium sodium tartrate can be used as a cleaning agent for removing stains and deposits, particularly in applications involving metal surfaces.
Laboratory Applications:
Buffer Solution:
Potassium sodium tartrate is used in some laboratory buffer solutions and as a reagent in various analytical chemistry experiments.
Preparation of Potassium Sodium Tartrate:
The starting material is tartar with a minimum Potassium sodium tartrate content 68 %.
This is first dissolved in water or in the mother liquor of a previous batch.
Potassium sodium tartrate is then basified with hot saturated sodium hydroxide solution to pH 8, decolorized with activated charcoal, and chemically purified before being filtered.
The filtrate is evaporated to 42 °Bé at 100 °C, and passed to granulators in which Seignette's salt crystallizes on slow cooling.
The salt is separated from the mother liquor by centrifugation, accompanied by washing of the granules, and is dried in a rotary furnace and sieved before packaging.
Commercially marketed grain sizes range from 2000 μm to < 250 μm (powder).
Larger crystals of Rochelle salt have been grown under conditions of reduced gravity and convection on board Skylab.
Rochelle salt crystals will begin to dehydrate when the relative humidity drops to about 30% and will begin to dissolve at relative humidities above 84%.
Piezoelectricity of Potassium Sodium Tartrate:
In 1824, Sir David Brewster demonstrated piezoelectric effects using Rochelle salts, which led to him naming the effect pyroelectricity.
In 1919, Alexander McLean Nicolson worked with Rochelle salt developing audio related inventions like microphones and speakers at Bell Labs.
Synthesis and Production of Potassium Sodium Tartrate:
From Tartaric Acid:
Starting Materials:
Tartaric acid (usually from grape byproducts), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), and sodium carbonate (Na2CO3).
Process:
Neutralization:
Potassium sodium tartrate is first neutralized with a mixture of potassium carbonate and sodium carbonate.
This reaction produces potassium sodium tartrate and water.
C4H6O6+K2CO3+Na2CO3→KNaC4H4O6+2H2O+2CO2
Crystallization:
The solution is then cooled, leading to the crystallization of potassium sodium tartrate.
Purification:
The crystals are filtered, washed, and dried to obtain the pure compound.
From Natural Sources:
Potassium sodium tartrate can also be extracted from natural sources where tartaric acid is present, such as in the deposits found in wine casks (known as "cream of tartar").
Reactions of Potassium Sodium Tartrate:
Hydrolysis:
Potassium sodium tartrate can hydrolyze in the presence of strong acids or bases, leading to the formation of tartaric acid and the corresponding potassium and sodium salts.
Example Reaction:
KNaC4H4O6+HCl→KC4H5O6+NaCl+H2O
Formation of Tartaric Acid:
Potassium sodium tartrate can be converted back to tartaric acid by treating it with a strong acid.
KNaC4H4O6+H2SO4→C4H6O6+KHSO4+NaHSO4
Production of Potassium Sodium Tartrate:
Commercial Production:
Potassium sodium tartrate is typically produced on an industrial scale through the neutralization of tartaric acid with potassium and sodium carbonates.
The process is carried out in large reaction vessels under controlled conditions to ensure high yield and purity.
After synthesis, Potassium sodium tartrate is often crystallized from the reaction mixture, and the crystals are purified through washing and drying.
Quality Control:
Potassium sodium tartrate is tested for purity, solubility, and consistency to meet industry standards, especially for applications in food, pharmaceuticals, and other critical uses.
History of Potassium Sodium Tartrate:
Potassium sodium tartrate, commonly known as Rochelle salt, has a rich history dating back to the 19th century.
Discovered in the early 1800s, Potassium sodium tartrate was first used in the field of chemistry and photography for its properties as a fixing agent in the daguerreotype process.
The compound gained prominence for Potassium sodium tartrate's role in the production of tartaric acid and as a stabilizer in baking powders.
Over time, Potassium sodium tartrate's applications expanded into the food industry as a leavening agent, and it was used in various scientific and industrial processes.
Potassium sodium tartrate's historical significance is highlighted by its use in early photographic techniques and its ongoing role in chemical synthesis and manufacturing.
Identifiers of Potassium Sodium Tartrate:
CAS Number:
304-59-6
6381-59-5 (tetrahydrate)
ChemSpider: 8031536
ECHA InfoCard: 100.132.041
EC Number: 206-156-8
E number: E337 (antioxidants, ...)
PubChem CID: 9855836
UNII:
P49F8NV7ES
QH257BPV3J (tetrahydrate)
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID20980375
InChI:
InChI=1S/C4H6O6.K.Na/c5-1(3(7)8)2(6)4(9)10;;/h1-2,5-6H,(H,7,8)(H,9,10);;/q;2*+1/p-2
Key: LJCNRYVRMXRIQR-UHFFFAOYSA-L
InChI=1/C4H6O6.K.Na/c5-1(3(7)8)2(6)4(9)10;;/h1-2,5-6H,(H,7,8)(H,9,10);;/q;2*+1/p-2
Key: LJCNRYVRMXRIQR-NUQVWONBAG
SMILES: [K+].[Na+].O=C([O-])C(O)C(O)C([O-])=O
Chemical Name: Potassium Sodium Tartrate
Common Name: Rochelle Salt
CAS Number: 306-35-0
Molecular Weight: Approximately 282.19 g/mol
EC Number: 206-820-1
PubChem CID: 24296282 (Identifier in PubChem database)
CAS Number: 6381-59-5
EC Number: 206-156-8
Molar Mass: 282.23 g/mol
Hill Formula: C₄H₄KNaO₆ * 4 H₂O
SMILES string: O.O.O.O.[Na+].[K+].O[C@H]([C@@H](O)C([O-])=O)C([O-])=O
InChI: 1S/C4H6O6.K.Na.4H2O/c5-1(3(7)8)2(6)4(9)10;;;;;;/h1-2,5-6H,(H,7,8)(H,9,10);;;4*1H2/q;2*+1;;;;/p-2/t1-,2-;;;;;;/m1....../s1
InChI key: VZOPRCCTKLAGPN-ZFJVMAEJSA-L
Properties of Potassium Sodium Tartrate:
Chemical formula: KNaC4H4O6·4H2O
Molar mass: 210.158 g/mol
Appearance: large colorless monoclinic needles
Odor: odorless
Density: 1.79 g/cm3
Melting point: 75 °C (167 °F; 348 K)
Boiling point: 220 °C (428 °F; 493 K) anhydrous at 130 ℃; decomposes at 220 ℃
Solubility in water: 26 g / 100 mL (0 ℃); 66 g / 100 mL (26 ℃)
Solubility in ethanol: insoluble
Grade: ACS reagent
Quality Level: 200
Assay:
99%
99.0-102.0% (ACS specification)
Form: powder or crystals
Impurities: ≤0.005% insolubles
pH: 6.0-8.5
Anion traces:
chloride (Cl-): ≤0.001%
phosphate (PO43-): ≤0.002%
sulfate (SO42-): ≤0.005%
Cation traces:
Ca: ≤0.005%
Fe: ≤0.001%
NH4+: ≤0.002%
heavy metals: ≤5 ppm (by ICP)
Molecular Weight: 210.16
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 6
Rotatable Bond Count: 1
Exact Mass: 209.95426361
Monoisotopic Mass: 209.95426361
Topological Polar Surface Area: 121 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 12
Complexity: 123
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 2
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Other Properties:
Translucent crystals or white, crystalline powder.
Cooling saline taste.
Slightly effloresces in warm air.
Density: 1.79.
mp: 70-80 °C.
At 100 °C loses 3 water molecules.
Becomes anhydrous at 130-140 °C.
At 220 °C begins to decompose.
Sol in 0.9 parts water.
Almost insol in alcohol.
The aqueous solution is slightly alkaline to litmus.
pH 7-8.
Loses water of crystallization at 140 °C
Melting Point: 70 - 80 °C
pH value: 7.0 - 8.5 (H₂O)
Bulk density: 1000 kg/m3
Solubility: 630 g/l
Specifications of Potassium Sodium Tartrate:
Assay (alkalimetric): 99.0 - 102.0 %
Insoluble matter: ≤ 0.005 %
pH-value (5 %; water; 25 °C): 7.0 - 8.5
Chloride (Cl): ≤ 0.0005 %
Phosphate (PO₄): ≤ 0.001 %
Sulfate (SO₄): ≤ 0.005 %
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 0.0005 %
Ca (Calcium): ≤ 0.004 %
Cu (Copper): ≤ 0.0005 %
Fe (Iron): ≤ 0.0005 %
NH₄ (Ammonium): ≤ 0.002 %
Pb (Lead): ≤ 0.0005 %
Structure of Potassium Sodium Tartrate:
Crystal structure: orthorhombic
Related compounds of Potassium Sodium Tartrate:
Acid potassium tartrate
Aluminum tartrate
Ammonium tartrate
Calcium tartrate
Metatartaric acid
Potassium antimonyl tartrate
Potassium tartrate
Sodium ammonium tartrate
Sodium tartrate
Names of Potassium Sodium Tartrate:
IUPAC name:
Sodium potassium L(+)-tartrate tetrahydrate
Other names:
E337
Seignette's salt
Rochelle salt
