SILVER OXIDE ( GÜMÜŞ OKSİT)

Argentous oxide

Silver oxide (Ag2O)

Disilver oxide

Silver(1+) oxide

CID 962 (Water)

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Silver(I) oxide is the chemical compound with the formula Ag2O. It is a fine black or dark brown powder that is used to prepare other silver compounds.

Like many silver compounds, silver oxide is photosensitive. It also decomposes at temperatures above 280 °C.[13]

Silver oxide

4Ag (s) + O2 (g) → 2Ag2 O (s)

The (s) represents solid, and the (g) represents gas.

The second way to produce silver oxide is to react silver nitrate with the strong base sodium hydroxide:

2AgNO3 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → Ag2 O (s) + 2NaNO3 (aq) + H2 O (l)

The (aq) represents an aqueous solution, and the (l) represents liquid. In this reaction, the silver oxide is a precipitate, or solid.

2Ag2 O + heat → 4Ag (s) + O2 (g)

This is the exact reverse of the composition reaction.

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Silver usually occurs in the Ag(I) oxidation state in its compounds. It does, however, not always act like simple alkali metal ions, which also carry a single positive charge. Congling Yin, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany, and Guilin University of Technology, China, Martin Jansen, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, and colleagues have synthesized a new ternary silver oxide, Ag16B4O10.

Most students studying Chemistry would have heard the term oxides where a metal or element reacts with oxygen atoms to form Metal Oxides. Silver Oxide, Ag4O4, is an inorganic compound that is used in silver oxide-zinc alkaline batteries. The preparation of the oxide could be done by adding silver salts slowly into a solution of persulfate for instance AGNO3 to a solution of Na2S2O8.

Once done, it forms a structure that is unusual in nature as it is a compound that has mixed valences. The oxide would decompose once there is an O2 evolution happening in water and forms a solid that has a dark brown appearance. Ag2+ ions with brown appearance are formed when this oxide is dissolved in concentrated nitric acid (HNO3).

Silver Oxide- Ag4O4

At 85 degree Celsius the liquid is heated and after reaching this temperature Potassium Peroxidisulfate (K2S2O8) is added in parts of 40 grams each adding up to 200 grams is mixed during intervals of 1 hour at least. At least for 3 hours, the stirring would continue once the final mix of the oxidant is added. Once the product is filtered, it is washed properly so that the alkali substances would be removed from it and it would be reduced into a particle form by drying it at a temperature of around 80 degree Celsius.

The blanks thus produced may be activated at once or later. This is accomplished in the manner known in the art, i.e., by anodic oxidation in an alkaline electrolyte, preferably an aqueous solution of potassium hydroxide.

The finished electrodes are strong and adapted to withstand stresses and shock such as are created in the actuation and operation of missiles.

The invention will be further described in conjunction with a specific example by way of illustration and not by way of limitation.

An 11 cm. Biichner funnel was provided to simulate a sheet mold. The funnel was attached to a filter flask, and a filter paper disk (whatman No. 42, -9 cm.) was placed over the holes in the base of the funnel in the usual manner to prevent .loss of material during processing. The diameter of the final pad was calculated to be approximately 10 square inches.

Four grams of silver oxide (Ag O) were placed in a Waring blender with a small quantity of Water, mixed for several minutes, and poured into the funnel, which was under vacuum. After this initial layer had been deposited, a 40 mesh nickel screen disk was placed thereon. Then 10 grams of silver oxide were mixed in the blender with a small quantity of water and poured into the funnel, again under vacuum. Thereupon, the mat was removed and pressed at 200 pounds pressure on a Williams press to decrease the residual moisture content of the pad. It was then pressed on a Denison press at 6 tons (1%" ram). The pressed structure was dried four hours at 65 C. Thereafter, the filter paper was removed and the structure was placed in a mufiie furnace and held at 500 C. for one hour to reduce the oxide to silver. Visual inspection of the resulting unit showed no surface cracks. It was also found to be sufficiently pliable to bend back somewhat and forth without cracking or flaking. Aanalysis of the structure showed that the distribution of the silver on each side of the grid was essentially uniform. It was also found that the distribution through the grid was uniform.

From the foregoing example, it is evident that this process is a rapid and economical way of producing these electrodes. It will be noted that the top layer of the electrode was prepared, or deposited, with an amount of the silver oxide that was about 71 percent of the total. It is of primary consequence that the second slurry contain from 2 /2 to 4 times as much silver oxide as the first slurry.

It will be noted from the foregoing example that the silver oxide slurry was prepared using water as the slurry medium. However, other inert liquids can be used as well, though water normally will be used in view of the economics involved. Similarly, silver peroxide can beused in place of the Ag O in practice of the invention.

In addition to the advantages already stated, electrodes produced in accordance with my invention are further advantageous in that the internal electrical resistance will be less than those produced in which an inert binder is necessary.

The process can be adapted for continuous operation. By using a continuous paper machine, a first layer of oxide can be deposited on a continuous filter paper base. Then the resulting deposit is covered with a grid after which asecond, or top, layer is deposited. In one run, approximately 4 feet of material were processed. It was found that distribution of the oxide across and through the grid was excellent and that the deposit per sq. inch of the material was in the vicinity of 1.3 grams.

It will be appreciated that this invention can be applied to the formation of electrodes other than those of silver oxide, where thermal reduction is practiced to provide the elemental material so that bonding can be achieved by means of pressure. It will also be appreciated that the grid material can be any material that is compatible with the material to be carried by it, and which has sufficient conductive properties for electrode applications. As indicated above, the screen should range from to 60 mesh of wire that is standard for those mesh sizes. The actual quantity of active material applied to any grid is largely dependent on the grid mesh size, because a larger grid can accommodate more material per unit of surface than could a smaller grid.

The silver-grid-silver structures produced in accordance with this invention can be used in primary or secondary cells and batteries, suitably with zinc negative electrodes.

In accordance with the provisions of the patent statutes, I have explained the principle of my invention and have described what I now consider to represent its best embodiment. However, I desire to have it understood that within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.

I claim:

1. In a method of making a silver oxide electrode the steps comprising applying a first slurry of silver oxide to a porous support while applying vacuum thereto to withdraw liquid therefrom and form a substantially uniform layer of silver oxide on said support, applying an electrically conductive screen to the surface of said layer, applying a second silver oxide slurry to the exposed surface of said screen while applying vacuum to said support to withdraw liquid from the thus deposited silver oxide and form a substantially uniform layer of it on said screen, said first slurry containing from about 0.25 to 1.5 grams of silver oxide per square inch of said screen surface area, and said second slurry containing from 2.5 to 4 times as much silver oxide by weight as in said first slurry, applying pressure to the article to reduce its moisture content and compact said layers, and then heating at a temperature below C.

2. A method according to claim 1, said screen being of 30 to 40 mesh size.

3. A method according to claim 2,. said screen being of silver coated nickel.

4. In a method of making a silver oxide electrode the steps comprising applying a first slurry of silver oxide to a porous support while applying vacuum thereto to withdraw liquid therefrom and form a substantially uni:

form layer of silver oxide on said support, applying an.

electrically conductive screen to the surface of said layer, applying a second silver oxide slurry to the exposed surface of said screenwhile applying vacuum to said support to withdraw liquid from the thus deposited silver oxide and form a substantially uniform layer of it on said screen, said first slurry containing from about 0.25 to 1.5 grams of silver oxide per square inch of said screen surface area, and said second slurry containing from 2.5 to 4 times as much silver oxide by weight as in said first slurry, applying pressure to the dried article to reduce its water content and compact said layers, drying the resultant structure at a temperature below 100 C., removing said porous support, and then heating in a muflie to a temperature below the melting point of silver to convert the silver oxide to metallic silver.

5. That method of making a silver oxide electrode comprising the steps of applying a firstslurry of silver oxide to a porous support while applying vacuum thereto to withdraw liquid therefrom and form a substantially uniform layer of silver oxide on said support applying an electrically conductive screen to the surface of said layer, applying a second silver oxide slurry to the exposed surface of said screen while applying vacuum to said support to withdraw liquid from the thus deposited.

of silver to convert the silver oxide to metallic silver,

and anodically oxidizing the silver to silver oxide in an alkaline electrolyte.

6. A method according to claim 5, said screen;being of 30 to 40 mesh size.

• Formül: Ag2O