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CAROAT

CAROAT®

Potassium monopersulfate (KMPS)

CAS#70693-62-8

Potassium peroxymonosulfate – triple salt: 2KHSO5 • KHSO4 • K2SO4

Structural Formula

Description

White, crystalline, odourless, free flowing salt consisting of potassium peroxymonosulfate, potassium hydrogen sulfate and potassium sulfate.

The only stable transportable salt of Caro's acid is its triple salt (theoretical Formula see above).

KMPS undergoes a strongly acid reaction in aqueous solution.

As a result of its high oxidation potential and microbiological effectiveness, it can be used for a large number of different applications.

It has the particular advantage of being highly stable in storage, easy and safe to handle, free from chlorine and of having a high reactivity.

Technical Data

Appearance White crystalline salt

KHSO5 content Ca.45 % w/w (typical),43 % w/w (min.)

Active oxygen (AO) Ca. 4.7 % w/w (typical)

Active oxygen (AO) Ca. 5.2 % w/w (Theoretical, pure triple salt

Iron content (typically) < 20 ppm (mg/kg)

Bulk density (typically) Ca. 1100 g/l

Melting point (decomposition)

Solubility in water at 20°C: Ca. 250 g/l

pH of a 1% solution in water (typically): Ca. 2.0

Decomposition of the product as supplied: At above 60 °C

Recommended storage temperature: Below 30 °C

Storage stability as from date of delivery: 12 months

Moisture content (typically): <0.1 %

This product is in compliance with the ElektroG (EU-Directives: RoHS2002/95/EG, WEEE 2002/96/EG)

Technical Data Sheet

Application

Denture cleaner: Effective main ingredient in Cleaning tablets for dentures.

Disinfectant: Use for chlorine-free disinfection or purification of swimmingpool water and spas.

Prevention of chlorine acne and eye irritation.

Approved for oxidative drinking water treatment.

Bleaching agent: CAROAT® has a bleaching effect comparable to that of organic peracids; in the TAED/perborate system it is particularly effective at low temperatures.

Biocidal effect: Suitable as an additive to acidic cleaning agents with bleaching and disinfectant effect.

Effluent treatment: Oxidative treatment of problematic effluents; sulfide oxidation, nitrite oxidation and cyanide detoxification (see our technical information).

Plaster additive: Addition of CAROAT® leads to generation of oxygen and improved product characteristics (e.g. thermal insulation, water absorbency, mechanical properties).

Metal treatment: Microetchant: Use for etching printed circuit boards.

Others:

- Textile finishing (shrink proofing of wool)

- Chemical synthesis (production of dioxirane)

- Paper manufacture (repulping, particularly of wet-strength paper).

Storage

CAROAT® must be stored under dry conditions. It has to be protected from direct sunlight and from any other sources of heat.

Standard Packaging: The standard packaging of CAROAT® is 25 kg PE-bag

Potassium Peroxomonosulfate

Potassium monopersulfate triple salt

PotassiumPeroxomonosulfate

DTXSID8051415

KS-00000EUF

OXONE(R), monopersulfate compound

Potassium monoperoxysulfate OXONE(R)

Potassium monopersulfate triple salt, >=47% KHSO5 basis

Treatment efficiency of potassium monopersulfate compound, a new kind of oxidation reagent, on killing algae and bacteria has been valued and the effect of influence factors, such as dosage, contact time and temperature are also discussed. The results indicated that potassium monopersulfate is appropriate for killing algae and bacteria in landscape water, dosage and contact time are the major influence factors. The contact time should be longer than 20min and the algicidal rate is higher when the temperature is above 20°C.

An acidic agent, potassium monopersulfate (PMPS), was evaluated for bactericidal and virucidal effects against Salmonella Infantis (SI), Escherichia coli, rifampicin-resistant Salmonella Infantis (SI-rif), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and avian influenza virus (AIV), in the absence or presence of organic materials. In addition, inactivation activity toward a virus on virus-spiked clothes was also examined. PMPS could inactivate SI, E. coli, and SI-rif even in the presence of organic materials under various concentrations and exposure/contact time conditions. PMPS could also inactivate NDV and AIV. In addition, PMPS could inactivate AIV on a virus-spiked rayon sheet. In conclusion, the present study showed that PMPS has good antimicrobial properties against SI, E. coli, SI-rif, NDV, and AIV when used at the optimal dosage and exposure timing. These results suggest that PMPS could be used as an alternative disinfectant for biosecurity enhancement in animal farms or hospitals.

Keywords: acidic agent, bactericidal, disinfectant, potassium monopersulfate, virucidal

Generally, foods derived from animal products, such as eggs, meat, and milk, have been implicated as vehicles of one or more of pathogens causing food-borne illness [3, 5, 6], especially Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. In Japan, hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) have been introduced at animal farms for food safety [12]. One of the key points for HACCP is the appropriate usage of disinfectants to enhance biosecurity on and around animal farms.

Normally, poultry virus diseases such as Newcastle disease (ND) and avian influenza (AI), have a strong negative economic impact on the poultry industry. The viruses of both diseases are excreted in large amounts from the respiratory and digestive systems of clinically infected birds and contaminate the environment. Hence, an important aspect of disease control consists of proper cleaning and disinfection of the farm environment, which depends upon the use of an effective disinfectant agent. Many disinfectants are commercially available, and it is important to ensure that the disinfectant being used is effective against various pathogens.

The appropriate usage of disinfectants is critical for establishing a successful sanitation program. Because not all disinfectants are effective against major pathogens, different families of disinfectants that target specific microorganisms should be considered. For instance, several bacteria and viruses are sensitive to phenols; however, most bacteria are also sensitive to quaternary ammonium, iodophors, paracetic acid, glutaraldehydes, and cresols [2, 7]. Therefore, there is no single disinfectant reported in the literature that would be efficacious against a wide spectrum of etiological agents that economically impact diseases in animal farms. Moreover, special care should be taken when applying the disinfectant as it should be safe for both animals and humans. In addition, the hardness of water, correct dilutions, duration of contact with the pathogens, and the presence of organic material should also be taken into consideration.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate efficacies of potassium monopersulfate (PMPS) against Salmonella Infantis (SI), E. coli, rifampicin-resistant Salmonella Infantis (SI-rif), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), and avian influenza virus (AIV), in the absence or presence of organic materials, as well as to evaluate the inactivation activity of PMPS toward AIV on a rayon sheet for biosecurity applications in animal farms and animal hospitals.

PMPS is the potassium salt of peroxymonosulfuric acid, which is widely used as an oxidizing agent. This salt probably acts on bacteria by oxidation. It also attacks viral protein capsids, thereby releasing and inactivating the nucleic acids of viruses, thus affecting the bactericidal and virucidal efficacies under various concentrations, exposure/contact times, and organic material conditions. The results also indicated that bacteria were more sensitive than viruses to inactivation by PMPS. Several products, such as Oxone® and DupontTM, contain potassium monopersulfate for their main ingredient, as a non-chlorine shock agent; PMPS breaks the chorine–ammonia bond formed when chlorine combines with ammonia, without increasing the chlorine level of the swimming pool; hence, PMPS can be used in swimming pools to keep the water clear [14]. In addition, Virkon®-S contains PMPS at 21.41% and has been used at concentrations of 5,000–20,000 ppm for multipurpose virucidal disinfection, with the greatest numbers of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA Registration No. 71654-6)-registered claims, against pathogens affecting domestic and companion animals. However, The PMPS tablet in the present study was used at concentrations of 312.5–5,000 ppm; hence, this PMPS is confirmed for safety and toxicity towards animals and humans.

Generally, bacteria and viruses are highly resistant to disinfectants contained in bio-environmental constituents such as feces, saliva, or vomitus [4]. In addition, viruses can survive on the surfaces of materials, fomites, and food for long periods [1, 11]. Our model of evaluating virus inactivation involved utilizing rayon sheets to simulate carpets, bedding, towels, or cloths contaminated with viruses and containing organic materials. In addition, several quaternary ammonium compounds have been reported to exhibit broad-spectrum virucidal activity, including in the present study that used rayon; therefore, considering the cloth savings and its efficacy, DDAB was selected for comparison with PMPS. As shown in Table 7, 5,000, 2,500 and 1,250 ppm of PMPS could inactivate AIV, while DDAB could not inactivate this virus on rayon sheets at the recommended dose. These results suggest that PMPS can be applied as a disinfectant or a virucidal agent that can inactivate AIV in contaminated carpets, clothes, towels, or bedding, especially in animal farms or hospitals.

In conclusion, PMPS can inactivate bacteria and viruses either in the absence or presence of organic materials, and can be useful as an alternative disinfectant, especially for biosecurity enhancement aiming to control bacteria and viruses that contaminate animal farms and hospitals.

The most popular sanitizers used in pools and spas—chlorine and bromine—function both as biocides (they kill bacteria and other potentially harmful microbes) and oxidizers (they "burn up" unpleasant organic contaminants like bather wastes, dust, and pollen). In a heavily used pool, as much as 90% of the chlorine or bromine may be working to eliminate organic impurities. Periodic addition of a supplemental oxidizer—a "shock treatment"—can free up the sanitizer for its highest purpose, killing germs. A popular choice is a non-chlorine product with potassium monopersulfate as the active ingredient. (The label may also call it potassium peroxymonosulfate.)

Potassium monopersulfate is a powerful oxidizer with several attractive properties (see last section). Properly applied, it will prevent the formation of new combined chlorine by eliminating organics in the water without creating more combined chlorine. Bathers can re-enter the water after waiting a short period of time (usually one hour) to allow proper mixing and circulation. The reaction byproducts are harmless sulfate salts.

The key concept to note here is that monopersulfate products will NOT remove existing combined chlorine but only prevents the formation of new combined chlorine. It is recommended that if there is a combined chlorine level ≥ 0.2 ppm, you should shock the pool using traditional methods (i.e., 10 x the combined chlorine level = ppm of non-stabilized chlorine added all at once). After traditional shocking, then use the monopersulfate product to prevent further combined chlorine development.

Monopersulfate products are particularly useful in indoor environments where proper air exchange rates may be nonexistent. Monopersulfate does not cause odors or irritation. Caution: The standard “shock” dosage for monopersulfate is 2 lbs. per 10,000 gallons of water. Overdosing may cause a dramatic drop in pH and lower total alkalinity as the pH of monopersulfate is approximately 2.3 (acidic).

Monopersulfate is not an algaecide and does not sanitize (kill). It can also raise TDS levels dramatically.

Monopersulfate does have one major drawback when used in chlorinated pools: It can interfere with the combined chlorine reading obtained with DPD and FAS-DPD tests. Some pools even have been closed because of supposed high combined chlorine (chloramine) readings when, in fact, the high readings were the result of this test interference.

Chlorine test interferences

Commercial operators are generally required by regulatory authorities to use a DPD test to monitor chlorine. Kits for this purpose may employ liquids, tablets, a powder, or a combination of these forms, depending on the manufacturer. The test method can involve either color matching (the pink color that develops in the treated water sample is proportional to the amount of chlorine present; the reading is determined by matching the pink to a set of color standards), or counting drops (the treated water sample goes from pink to colorless upon the addition of a titrating reagent, and the number of drops used determines the amount of chlorine present). The reagent all the best-selling kits have in common is DPD #3. DPD #3 contains potassium iodide. Monopersulfate will react with the potassium iodide in DPD #3, making it seem there is a higher combined chlorine level in the water than there actually is.

Here are two typical scenarios:

In the standard color-matching DPD test, you first add DPD #1 and DPD #2 to your water sample to develop a pinkish-red color proportional to the level of free chlorine. After taking that reading, you add DPD #3 to obtain the total chlorine level. You then calculate the amount of combined chlorine by subtracting free from total chlorine.

Combined Chlorine = Total Chlorine – Free Chlorine

When monopersulfate is present in the sample, it reacts with DPD #3 in the total chlorine test, producing a dark pink/red color characteristic of a high total chlorine reading. However, monopersulfate will not react with the DPD #1 and #2 reagents used to measure free chlorine. Therefore, the combined chlorine level obtained doing the calculation above is artificially high.

In an FAS-DPD drop-count titration, you add DPD indicator powder to the water sample and it will turn pink if free chlorine is present. Next, you add FAS-DPD titrating reagent drop by drop until the sample changes from pink to colorless. You then multiply the number of drops added by an equivalence factor (stated in the test instructions) to get the free chlorine reading. Finally, you add DPD #3 reagent to the treated sample, which will turn pink if combined chlorine is present. Once again, you titrate until the sample turns colorless and multiply the drop count by the given equivalence factor to get the combined chlorine reading. If monopersulfate is present in the sample it will react with DPD #3, artificially increasing the combined chlorine reading.

Preventive measures

To obtain an accurate combined chlorine reading, commercial operators should use a test kit with reagents that can eliminate the monopersulfate interference. There are kits on the market that include a neutralizing agent for monopersulfate along with the standard chlorine test reagents, or the neutralizer can be purchased separately. You simply add the neutralizer as instructed then take the readings as you normally would.

Should you wish to measure monopersulfate concentrations, take a fresh sample and perform the chlorine tests a second time without masking the interference. The result will be the total amount of oxidizer in the water. Subtract the total chlorine reading obtained in the first test from this total oxidizer reading to find the level of monopersulfate. Note: This will give a monopersulfate reading in ppm as chlorine. To convert to ppm monopersulfate, multiply the result obtained by a factor of 5.

Monopersulfate Level = Total Oxidizer – Total Chlorine

Test strips are also available for analyzing monopersulfate itself. Be sure to check the strip manufacturer's test instructions to determine at what concentration chlorine or bromine will interfere with the monopersulfate test.

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