PHENOL
Phenol (Benzenol, also called carbolic acid or phenolic acid) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH.
Phenol (C6H6O or C6H5OH) is a colorless, light-pink, crystalline solid with a sweet, acrid odor.
Phenol is a white crystalline solid that is volatile.
The molecule comprises a phenyl group (−C6H5) bonded to a hydroxy group (−OH). Mildly acidic, it requires careful handling because it can cause chemical burns.
Phenol was first extracted from coal tar, but today is produced on a large scale (about 7 billion kg/year) from petroleum-derived feedstocks.
Phenol is a necessary industrial commodity precursor to many materials and beneficial compounds.
Phenol is primarily used to synthesize plastics and related materials.
Phenol and its chemical derivatives are essential for producing polycarbonates, epoxies, Bakelite, nylon, detergents, phenoxy herbicides, and numerous pharmaceutical drugs.
Phenol is a reactive organic chemical which is used in a wide variety of chemical products vital to the economy of the world.
Phenol is reacted in various ways with aldehydes, e.g., formaldehyde, to form what are commonly known as "phenolic resins", materials which are strong, water resistant and have good dielectric properties.
They, in turn, are widely used as adhesives (plywood binders, brake linings, countertops, insulation), structural shapes (automotive parts, electrical fixtures) and electrical laminates (circuit boards).
Other uses for phenol include the manufacture of caprolactam (an intermediate in the manufacture of nylon), bisphenol-A (an intermediate in the manufacture of epoxy resins and polycarbonate engineering thermoplastics), herbicides, wood preservatives, hydraulic fluids, heavy-duty surfactants, lube oil additives and extraction aids, pharmaceuticals, disinfectant materials, tank linings, and coating materials, and as intermediates for plasticizers and other specialty chemicals.
Phenol is used as a general disinfectant, as a reagent in chemical analysis, and for the manufacture of artificial resins, medical and industrial organic compounds, and dyes.
Phenol is also used to manufacture fertilizers, explosives, paints and paint removers, drugs, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and coke.
Phenol is produced in large volumes, mainly as an intermediate in producing other chemicals.
The most extensive single use of phenol is as an intermediate in producing phenolic resins, which are low-cost, versatile, thermoset resins used in the plywood adhesive, construction, automotive, and appliance industries.
Phenol is also used as an intermediate in the production of caprolactam, which is used to make nylon and other synthetic fibers; bisphenol A, used to make epoxy and other resins.
Phenol is vital to manufacturing other chemical products, such as phenolic adhesives, polycarbonates, and epoxy resins, providing essential raw materials for many industries.
Phenol is critical to many kinds of products, including plywood, window glazing, flooring and countertop laminates, televisions, computers, household appliances, sports equipment, and boats.
Phenol is derived from benzene and propylene. These raw materials are first used to produce cumene, which is then oxidized to become cumene hydroperoxide before being split into phenol and its co-product, acetone.
Phenol plays a significant role in our everyday lives.
Plywood, window glazing, DVDs and CDs, computers, sports equipment, fiberglass boats, flat-panel parts and accessories, circuit boards, and ff the many items that rely on Phenol
The largest single market for phenol is in the production of Bisphenol A (BPA), which is manufactured from phenol and acetone. BPA is, in turn, used to manufacture polycarbonate (the most significant and fastest-growing use for BPA) and epoxy resins.
Polycarbonate and epoxy resins are used in many different industries and countless items we encounter daily.
Phenol is a major component of phenolic adhesives used in wood products such as plywood and oriented strand board.
Phenol is also used to produce phenolic resins used in molding heat-resistant components for household appliances, counter-top and flooring laminates, and foundry castings.
In addition, it is a valuable intermediate in manufacturing detergents, agricultural chemicals, medicines, plasticizers, and dyes.
When reacted with bromine, BPA forms the fire-retardant tetrabromobisphenol A. BPA is also used to manufacture engineering thermoplastics such as polysulfones and polyacrylates.
There has been a rising demand for phenol from the pharmaceutical industry as phenol is an antiseptic with disinfectant properties used to disinfect skin and relieve skin irritation and itching.
Properties
Phenol is an organic compound appreciably soluble in water, with about 84.2 g dissolving in 1000 mL (0.895 M).
Homogeneous mixtures of phenol and water at phenol-to-water mass ratios of ~2.6 and higher are possible.
The sodium salt of phenol, sodium phenoxide, is far more water-soluble.
Preferred IUPAC name
Phenol
Systematic IUPAC name
Benzenol
Carbolic acid
Phenolic acid
Phenylic acid
Hydroxybenzene
Phenic acid
Phenyl alcohol
EC / List no.: 203-632-7
CAS no.: 108-95-2
Mol. formula: C6H6O
Hill Formula: C₆H₆O
Chemical formula: C₆H₅OH
Molar Mass: 94.11 g/mol
HS Code: 2907 11 00
Density: 1.07 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Explosion limit: 1.3 - 9.5 %(V)
Flashpoint: 81 °C
Ignition temperature: 595 °C
Melting Point: 38 - 43 °C
pH value: 5 (50 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 0.2 hPa (20 °C)
Bulk density: 620 kg/m3
Solubility: 84 g/l
Synonyms: Carbolic acid, Hydroxybenzene, Phenic, monohydroxybenzene; phenic acid, phenylic acid, phenyl hydroxide; oxybenzene, monophenol, phenyl hydrate, phenylic alcohol; phenol alcohol; phenyl alcohol, phenol reagent, benzenol, carbolic, monophenol, Baker's P and S liquid and ointment, NCI-C50124, NA 2821 Molten RCRA.
Phenol is more acidic than aliphatic alcohol.
Phenol is highly reactive toward electrophilic aromatic substitution.
The enhanced nucleophilicity is attributed to donating pi-electron density from O into the ring. Many groups can be attached to the ring via halogenation, acylation, sulfonation, and related processes.
Phenol's ring is so strongly activated that bromination and chlorination lead readily to polysubstituted.
Phenol reacts with dilute nitric acid at room temperature to give a mixture of 2-nitrophenol and 4-nitrophenol, while with concentrated nitric acid, other nitro groups are introduced, e.g., to give 2,4,6-trinitrophenol.
Aqueous phenol solutions are weakly acidic and turn blue litmus slightly to red.
Phenol is neutralized by sodium hydroxide, forming sodium phenate or phenolate.
Still, being weaker than carbonic acid, it cannot be neutralized by sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate to liberate carbon dioxide.
Production
Because of phenol's commercial importance, many methods have been developed for its production, but the cumene process is the dominant technology.
Cumene process
Overview of the cumene process
Accounting for 95% of production (2003) is the cumene process, also called the Hock process.
It involves the partial oxidation of cumene (isopropylbenzene) via the Hock rearrangement: Compared to most other processes, it uses relatively mild conditions and inexpensive raw materials. For the process to be economical, phenol and the acetone by-product must be in demand.
In 2010, worldwide demand for acetone was approximately 6.7 million tonnes, 83 percent of which was satisfied with the acetone produced by the cumene process.
A route analogous to the cumene process begins with cyclohexylbenzene.
It is oxidized to a hydroperoxide, akin to the production of cumene hydroperoxide.
Via the Hock rearrangement, cyclohexylbenzene hydroperoxide cleaves to give phenol and cyclohexanone.
Cyclohexanone is an essential precursor to some nylons.
Oxidation of benzene, toluene, cyclohexylbenzene
The direct oxidation of benzene (C6H6) to phenol is theoretically possible and of great interest, but it has not been commercialized:
Uses
The significant uses of phenol, consuming two-thirds of its production, involve its conversion to plastic precursors.
Condensation with acetone gives bisphenol-A, an essential precursor to polycarbonates and epoxide resins.
Condensation of phenol, alkylphenols, or diphenols with formaldehyde gives phenolic resins, a famous example of which is Bakelite.
Partial hydrogenation of phenol gives cyclohexanone, a precursor to nylon.
The alkylation of phenol produces nonionic detergents to give the alkylphenols, e.g., nonylphenol, which are then subjected to ethoxylation.
Phenol is also a versatile precursor to an extensive collection of drugs, most notably aspirin and many herbicides and pharmaceutical drugs.
Phenol is a component in liquid–the liquid phenol–chloroform extraction technique used in molecular biology for obtaining nucleic acids from tissues or cell culture samples. Depending on the solution's pH, DNA or RNA can be extracted.
Medical
Phenol is widely used as an antiseptic. Joseph Lister pioneered its use.
From the early 1900s to the 1970s, it produced carbolic soap.
Concentrated phenol liquids are commonly used to permanently treat the ingrown toe and fingernails, a procedure known as a chemical matrix ectomy.
The procedure was first described by Otto Boll in 1945.
Since then, it has become the chemical of choice for chemical matrixectomies performed by podiatrists.
Concentrated liquid phenol can be used topically as a local anesthetic for otology procedures, such as myringotomy and tympanostomy tube placement, as an alternative to general anesthesia or other local anesthetics.
It also has hemostatic and antiseptic qualities, making it ideal for this use.
Phenol spray, usually at 1.4% phenol as an active ingredient, is used medically to treat sore throat.
It is the active ingredient in oral analgesics such as Chloraseptic spray, TCP, and Carmex.
Niche uses of PHENOL
Phenol is so inexpensive that it attracts many small-scale uses.
Phenol is a component of industrial paint strippers used in the aviation industry to remove epoxy, polyurethane, and other chemically resistant coatings.
Phenol derivatives have been used to prepare cosmetics, including sunscreens, hair colorings, and skin-lightening preparations.
However, due to safety concerns, phenol is banned from cosmetic products in the European Union and Canada.
Translated names of PHENOL in different languages:
acid carbolic (ro)
fenil-alkohol (hr)
fenilalcohol (es)
fenilalcool (ro)
fenilalkohol (hu)
fenilalkohol (sl)
fenilalkoholis (lt)
fenilspirts (lv)
fenol (cs)
fenol (da)
fenol (es)
fenol (hr)
fenol (hu)
fenol (nl)
fenol (no)
Fenol (pl)
fenol (pt)
fenol (ro)
fenol (sk)
fenol (sl)
fenol (sv)
Fenoli (fi)
fenolis (lt)
fenolo (it)
fenols (lv)
fenool (et)
fenylalkohol (sk)
fenylalkohol (sv)
fenüülalkohol (et)
hidroxibenceno (es)
Hydroksybenzen (pl)
karbolhape (et)
karbolio rūgštis (lt)
karbolna kiselina (hr)
karbolna kislina (sl)
karbolová kyselina (cs)
karbolsav (hu)
karbolskābe (lv)
Karbolsäure (de)
kyselina karbolová (sk)
monohidroksibenzen (hr)
monohidroksibenzen (sl)
monohidroksibenzenas (lt)
monohidroksibenzols (lv)
monohidroxibenzen (ro)
monohidroxibenzeno (pt)
monohidroxibenzol (hu)
Monohydroxybenzene (de)
monohydroxybenzén (sk)
monohüdroksübenseen (et)
phenol (da)
Phenol (de)
Phenylalcohol (de)
phénol; acide carbolique; monohydroxybenzène; phényléthanol (fr)
ácido carbólico (es)
ácido carbólico (pt)
álcool fenílico (pt)
φαινόλh (el)
карболова киселина (bg)
монохидроксибензен (bg)
фенилалкохол (bg)
фенол (bg)
CAS names
Phenol
IUPAC names
acide carbolique
Benzenol
benzenol
carbolic acid
fenolo
Hydroxybenzene
hydroxybenzene
Hydroxybenzene, Carbolic acid
Monohydroxybenzene
monohydroxybenzene
PHENOL
Phenol
phenol
Phenol
phenol
Phenol - ML0107B
phenol carbolic acid monohydroxybenzene phenylalcohol
Phenol, pure
phenol, pure
phenolphenol
phenylalcohol
Public name for Phenol Pur F900B is phenol; public name for Phenol Tech F900A is diacetone alcohol
Trade names
(Mono)hydroxybenzene
ACIDO CARBOLICO
Acido Carbolico
Acido fenico
Acido fenico - Idrossibenzene
Benzenol
Benzyl Alcohol
Carbolic acid
Carbolsaeure
Carbolsäure, Karbolsäure, Monohydroxybenzol,
Carbolsäure, Karbolsäure, Monohydroxybenzol, Phenylalkohol, Benzophenol
CARBOLZUUR HYDROXY BENZEEN
CARBONATE OLIGOMER OF TETRABROMOBISPHENOL A
fenol
fenolo
HIDROXIBENCENO
hydrate; phenylic acid; Fenolo (Italian)
Hydroxybenzene
hydroxybenzene
Hydroxybenzene; oxybenzene; phenic acid; phenyl
Hydroxybenzene; oxybenzene; phenic acid; phenyl hydrate; phenylic acid; Fenolo (Italian)
Hydroxybenzol,Benzophenol,Karbolsäure
Idrossido di fenile
Karbolsaeure
MONOHIDROXIBENCENO
Monohydroxybenzene
Monohydroxybenzol
Monoidrossibenzene
Oxybenzene
Phenic acid
phenic acid, carbolic acid, phenyl hydroxide,
phenic acid, carbolic acid, phenyl hydroxide, hydroxybenzene
PHENOL
Phenol
phenol
Phenol Pur F900A
Phenol Pur F900B
phenol synthetic, technical
Phenol Synthetical Technical, A type
PHENOL,CARBOLIC ACID, PHENYL HYDROXIDE
phenyl hydrate
phenyl hydroxide
Phenylalcohol
Phenylalkohol, Benzophenol
Phenylhydroxide
phenylic acid
phenylic alcohol
Phenylsaeure
PhOH
History
Phenol was discovered in 1834 by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge, who extracted it (in impure form) from coal tar.
Runge called phenol "Karbolsäure" (coal-oil-acid, carbolic acid).
Coal tar remained the primary source until the development of the petrochemical industry.
The French chemist Auguste Laurent extracted phenol in its pure form, as a derivative of benzene, in 1841.
In 1836, Auguste Laurent coined the name "phène" for benzene; this is the root of the word "phenol" and "phenyl."
In 1843, French chemist Charles Gerhardt coined the name "phénol."
Sir Joseph Lister (1827–1912) used the antiseptic properties of phenol in his pioneering technique of antiseptic surgery.
Lister decided that the wounds themselves had to be thoroughly cleaned.
He then covered the wounds with a rag or lint in carbolic acid (phenol).
The skin irritation caused by continual exposure to phenol eventually led to the introduction of aseptic (germ-free) techniques in surgery.
Joseph Lister was a student at University College London under Robert Liston, later rising to the rank of Surgeon at Glasgow Royal Infirmary.
Lister experimented with cloths covered in carbolic acid after studying the works and experiments of his contemporary, Louis Pasteur, in sterilizing various biological media.
Lister was inspired to find a way to sterilize living wounds, which could not be done with the heat required by Pasteur's experiments.
In examining Pasteur's research, Lister began to piece together his theory: that germs were killing patients.
He theorized that no infection would occur if germs could be killed or prevented.
Lister reasoned that a chemical could destroy the micro-organisms that cause infection.
Meanwhile, in Carlisle, England, officials were experimenting with sewage treatment using carbolic acid to reduce the smell of sewage cesspools.
Having heard of these developments and previously experimenting with other chemicals for antiseptic purposes without much success, Lister decided to try carbolic acid as a wound antiseptic. He had his first chance on August 12, 1865, when he received a patient: an eleven-year-old boy with a tibia bone fracture that pierced his lower leg's skin.
Ordinarily, amputation would be the only solution.
However, Lister decided to try carbolic acid.
After setting the bone and supporting the leg with splints, he soaked clean cotton towels in undiluted carbolic acid and applied them to the wound, covered with tin foil, leaving them for four days.
When he checked the wound, Lister was pleasantly surprised to find no signs of infection, just redness near the edges of the wound from mild burning by the carbolic acid.
Reapplying fresh bandages with diluted carbolic acid, the boy could walk home after six weeks of treatment.
By 16 March 1867, when the first results of Lister's work were published in the Lancet, he had treated eleven patients using his new antiseptic method.
Of those, only one had died, and that was through a complication that was nothing to do with Lister's wound-dressing technique.
Now, for the first time, patients with compound fractures were likely to leave the hospital with all their limbs intact.
— Richard Hollingham, Blood and Guts: A History of Surgery, p. 62
Before antiseptic operations were introduced at the hospital, there were sixteen deaths in thirty-five surgical cases.
Almost one in every two patients died. After antiseptic surgery was introduced in the summer of 1865, there were only six deaths in forty cases.
The mortality rate had dropped from almost 50 percent to around 15 percent.
It was a remarkable achievement.
— Richard Hollingham, Blood and Guts: A History of Surgery, p. 63
Phenol was the main ingredient of the Carbolic Smoke Ball, an ineffective device marketed in London in the 19th century as protection against influenza and other ailments, and the subject of the famous law case Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company.
Occurrences
Phenol is a standard metabolic product, excreted in quantities up to 40 mg/L in human urine.[50]
The temporal gland secretion of male elephants showed the presence of phenol and 4-methyl phenol during musth.
It is also one of the chemical compounds found in castoreum.
This compound is ingested from the plants the beaver eats.
Occurrence in whisky
Phenol is a measurable component in the aroma and taste of the distinctive Islay scotch whisky, generally ~30 ppm.
Still, it can be over 160 ppm in the malted barley used to produce whisky.
This amount is different from and presumably higher than the amount in the distillate.
Biodegradation
Cryptanaerobacter phenolics are a bacterium species that produces benzoate from phenol via 4-hydroxybenzoate.
Rhodococcus phenolics are a bacterium species able to degrade phenol as the sole carbon source.
Toxicity
Phenol and its vapors are corrosive to the eyes, the skin, and the respiratory tract.
Its corrosive effect on skin and mucous membranes is due to a protein-degenerating effect.
Repeated or prolonged skin contact with phenol may cause dermatitis or second and third-degree burns.
Inhalation of phenol vapor may cause lung edema.
The substance may cause harmful effects on the central nervous system and heart, resulting in dysrhythmia, seizures, and coma.
The kidneys may be affected as well.
Long-term or repeated exposure to the substance may harm the liver and kidneys.
There is no evidence that phenol causes cancer in humans.
Besides its hydrophobic effects, another mechanism for the toxicity of phenol may be the formation of phenoxyl radicals.
Since phenol is absorbed through the skin relatively quickly, systemic poisoning can occur in addition to local caustic burns.
Resorptive poisoning by a large quantity of phenol can occur even with only a small area of skin, rapidly leading to paralysis of the central nervous system and a severe drop in body temperature.
The LD50 for oral toxicity is less than 500 mg/kg for dogs, rabbits, or mice; the minimum lethal human dose was cited as 140 mg/kg.
The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, states the fatal dose for ingestion of phenol is from 1 to 32 g.
Chemical burns from skin exposures can be decontaminated by washing with polyethylene glycol, isopropyl alcohol, or perhaps even copious amounts of water.
Removal of contaminated clothing and immediate hospital treatment for large splashes are required.
This is particularly important if the phenol is mixed with chloroform (a commonly used mixture in molecular biology for DNA and RNA purification).
Phenol is also a reproductive toxin causing an increased risk of miscarriage and low birth weight, indicating retarded development in utero.
Phenols
Main article: Phenols
Phenol is also used to refer to any compound containing a six-membered aromatic ring bonded directly to a hydroxyl group (-OH).
Thus, phenols are a class of organic compounds of which the phenol discussed in this article is the simplest member.
phenol
108-95-2
carbolic acid
Hydroxybenzene
Phenic acid
Oxybenzene
Phenylic acid
Phenylic alcohol
Benzenol
Monophenol
Phenyl hydrate
Phenyl hydroxide
PhOH
Monohydroxybenzene
Phenyl alcohol
Paoscle
Phenole
Izal
Phenol alcohol
Phenol, liquefied
Acide carbolique
Phenosmolin
Fenolo
Benzene, hydroxy-
Carbolsaure
Fenol
Liquid phenol
Liquefied phenol
Phenol, pure
Fenolo [Italian]
Phenole [German]
Rcra waste number U188
Campho-Phenique Gel
Phenol [JAN]
Phenic
Carbolsaure [German]
Campho-Phenique Liquid
NCI-C50124
Liquified Phenol
Phenol, molten
Baker's P & S liquid & Ointment
Carbolicum acidum
Fenol [Dutch, Polish]
Baker's P and S Liquid and Ointment
Monohydroxy benzene
UN 2312 (molten)
Acide carbolique [French]
UN 1671 (solid)
NSC 36808
Campho-Phenique Cold Sore Gel
Anbesol
Phenic alcohol
Synthetic phenol
2-allphenol
Phenol, dimer
RCRA waste no. U188
Phenol, liquified
MFCD00002143
UN1671
UN2312
UN2821
AI3-01814
NSC-36808
CHEMBL14060
339NCG44TV
DTXSID5021124
CHEBI:15882
ENT-1814
27073-41-2
Phenol, solid [UN1671] [Poison]
Phenol, molten [UN2312] [Poison]
NCGC00091454-04
Fenosmoline
Fenosmolin
Phenol, >=99.0%
17442-59-0
Caswell No. 649
phenylalcohol
hydroxy benzene
Phenol 100 microg/mL in Methanol
Phenol, liquid
Phenol, solid
Baker's p and s
Phenol, sulfurated
CAS-108-95-2
CCRIS 504
FEMA No. 3223
HSDB 113
(14C)Phenol
Phenol [USP:JAN]
PHENOL (2,3,4,5,6-D5)
EINECS 203-632-7
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 064001
arenols
UNII-339NCG44TV
Benzophenol
Carbolsaeure
Karbolsaeure
acide phenique
Hydroxy-benzene
Phenol liquid
Phenol molten
Phenol synthetic
Phenol,liquified
Pandy's reagent
Cepastat lozenges
Phenol, labeled with carbon-14
Phenol (liquid)
2-phenyl alcohol
Phenol, synthetic
Phenol, ultrapure
Phenol ACS grade
Paoscle (TN)
Carbolic acid liquid
Phenol (TN)
Phenol,(S)
Phenol, ACS reagent
Carbolic acid, liquid
63496-48-0
1ai7
1li2
4i7l
Liquefied phenol (TN)
PHENOL [VANDF]
PHENOL [FHFI]
PHENOL [HSDB]
PHENOL [IARC]
PHENOL [INCI]
Phenol (JP17/USP)
PHENOL [USP-RS]
PHENOL [WHO-DD]
Phenol, detached crystals
PHENOL [II]
PHENOL [MI]
Phenol, >=99%
PHENOL [MART.]
WLN: QR
Liquefied phenol (JP17)
bmse000290
bmse010026
C6H5OH
Fenol(DUTCH, POLISH)
EC 203-632-7
PHENOL, 80% in ethanol
Phenol, LR, >=99%
65996-83-0
MLS001065591
Phenol, for molecular biology
BIDD:ER0293
PHENOL [EP MONOGRAPH]
Phenol for disinfection (TN)
Phenol, natural, 97%, FG
PHENOL [USP MONOGRAPH]
Cuticura pain relieving ointment
CARBOLICUM ACIDUM [HPUS]
Phenol, AR, >=99.5%
PHENOL,LIQUIFIED [VANDF]
BDBM26187
CHEBI:33853
Phenol for disinfection (JP17)
3f39
Phenol 10 microg/mL in Methanol
NSC36808
ZINC5133329
Phenol, Glass Distilled Under Argon
Tox21_113463
Tox21_201639
Tox21_300042
Phenol 5000 microg/mL in Methanol
phenol;phenol [jan];phenol, pure;phenol phenol [jan] phenol, pure
STL194294
AKOS000119025
Tox21_113463_1
DB03255
NA 2821
Phenol, BioXtra, >=99.5% (GC)
Phenol, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%
UN 1671
UN 2312
UN 2821
NCGC00091454-01
NCGC00091454-02
NCGC00091454-03
NCGC00091454-05
NCGC00091454-06
NCGC00091454-07
NCGC00254019-01
NCGC00259188-01
Phenol, JIS special grade, >=99.0%
61788-41-8
73607-76-8
AM802906
BP-30160
METHYL SALICYLATE IMPURITY B [EP]
SMR000568492
Phenol 1000 microg/mL in Dichloromethane
Phenol, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard
Liquified Phenol (contains 7-10 % water)
METACRESOL IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY]
FT-0645154
FT-0673707
FT-0693833
P1610
P2771
EN300-19432
C00146
D00033
Phenol, unstabilized, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%
SALICYLIC ACID IMPURITY C [EP IMPURITY]
HEXYLRESORCINOL IMPURITY A [EP IMPURITY]
Phenol, p.a., ACS reagent, 99.5-100.5%
Q130336
J-610001
Phenol, for molecular biology, ~90% (T), liquid
F1908-0106
Phenol, unstabilized, purified by redistillation, >=99%
Z104473830
Phenol, BioUltra, for molecular biology, >=99.5% (GC)
Phenol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Liquified Phenol, meets USP testing specifications, >=89.0%
Phenol, BioUltra, for molecular biology, TE-saturated, ~73% (T)
Phenol, puriss. p.a., ACS reagent, reag. Ph. Eur., 99.0-100.5%
Phenol, contains hypophosphorous as stabilizer, loose crystals, ACS reagent, >=99.0%
Phenol, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, 99.5-100.5% (GC)
Phenol, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, USP, >=99.5% (GC), crystalline (detached)
Hazard Statement(s) H301 + H311 + H331: Toxic if swallowed, in contact with skin, or inhaled.
H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
H341: Suspected of causing genetic defects.
H373: May cause damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure.
H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long-lasting effects.
Precautionary Statement(s)
P260: Do not breathe dust.
P273: Avoid release to the environment.
P280: Wear protective gloves/ protective clothing/ eye protection/ face protection/ hearing protection.
P303 + P361 + P353: IF ON SKIN (or hair): Immediately remove all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water.
P304 + P340 + P310: IF INHALED: Remove person to fresh air and keep comfortable for breathing. Immediately call a POISON CENTER/doctor.
P305 + P351 + P338: IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
Some examples of workers at risk being exposed to phenol include the following:
Workers in the petroleum industry
Workers in plants where nylon is manufactured
Workers in plants that manufacture epoxy resins
Workers in plants that manufacture herbicides
General Safety
Phenol storage areas should be labeled to identify the product, the hazards, and the appropriate personal protective equipment required to enter the area.
The unloading station should be equipped to contain and collect phenol should a spill occur.
Local regulations should be followed regarding the disposal of phenol, or phenol-contaminated wash water.
Safety showers, eye wash fountains, supplied breathing air, and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) should be readily available and properly maintained in the immediate area where phenol is stored. Safety showers and eye wash fountains should have alarms to alert workers of a possible exposure.
Phenol should not be handled without suitable NIOSH and/or OSHA-approved full protective clothing and face shields.
In case of accidental contact with phenol, the affected area(s) should be immediately and thoroughly washed with large amounts of water and immediate medical attention obtained.
All employees who have the potential to enter phenol storage areas should receive regular training regarding the hazards of phenol and the proper handling procedures.
Phenol should be handled as a combustible liquid and stored in a cool, dry area, away from sparks and open flames.
It is incompatible with potent oxidizing agents.
Suitable extinguishing agents such as CO2, dry chemicals, foam or water fog should be readily available during a fire.
Storage
All Phenol storage containers should have adequate secondary containment (dikes) to contain the product in the event of a release.
Pumps and other equipment in Phenol service should be on a concrete containment system to capture drips and prevent soil contamination.
Storage tanks should be equipped with high-level and high-high-level alarms to prevent overfills.
Phenol may be discolored by contact with carbon steel.
Therefore, phenol storage tanks and transfer piping are usually constructed of stainless or lined carbon steel.
A typical lining used is Carbozinc II.
Generally, smaller fittings will be stainless steel due to the difficulty of lining them.
Hot phenol is corrosive to carbon steel.
Phenol storage tanks are insulated and equipped with either internal (bayonet type) or external heaters or external heating pads.
The heat medium used in heaters should be low-pressure steam or another low-temperature heat medium to prevent discoloration.
A temperature control system should be in place to maintain the tank contents between 115 and 130 degrees F.
Bulk skin temperatures of heating coils above 150 degrees F can cause discoloration. Tanks can be nitrogen-blanketed to minimize color and keep atmospheric moisture out.
Environmental Issues
For the US, under EPA CERCLA and EPCRA regulatory requirements, releases to air, land, or water which exceed the reportable quantity (RQ) for Phenol of 1,000 pounds must be reported to the National Response Center (1 800 424 8802), the Local Emergency Planning Committee (LEPC), and the State Emergency Response Commission (SERC).
State and local laws may require additional notifications.
Spills
It is extremely important to prevent all bodily contact with spilled material. Personal protective equipment recommendations described above for safe handling of phenol should be followed by cleanup personnel.
