Sodium Persulfate
Alternate Names:Sodium peroxodisulfate
Sodium persulfate is a strongly oxidizing chemical used as a bleaching and oxidizing agent. Persulfate oxidation mechanisms are effective in degrading many volatile oxidizing
chemicals (VOCs) including chlorinated ethenes (CEs), BTEXs and trichloroethanes. The compound is used as a promoter for polymerization reactions. Sodium persulfate has also been
used as a chemical oxidant to treat laboratory slurry reactors for the accumulation of surfactants.
Application:Sodium persulfate is a strongly oxidizing chemical used as a bleaching and oxidizing agent
Sodium peroxydisulfate (commonly called sodium persulfate) is a commercial chemical particularly useful for etching printed circuits, for cleaning copper before plating or soldering,
and for initiating polymerization reactions. Other commercially available persulfate salts are ammonium persulfate and potassium persulfate; however, ammonium persulfate introduces
objectionable ammonium ions into solution, while the solubility of potassium persulfate is much less than ammonium or sodium persulfate. Consequently, sodium persulfate is the preferred
compound for some applications.
CAS Number: 7775-27-1
Sodium persulfate is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2S2O8. It is the sodium salt of peroxydisulfuric acid, H2S2O8, an oxidizing agent. It is a white solid that dissolves
in water. It is almost non-hygroscopic and has good shelf-life.
The salt is prepared by the electrolytic oxidation of sodium hydrogen sulfate:
2 NaHSO4 → Na2S2O8 + H2
Oxidation is conducted at a platinum anode.In this way about 165,000 tons were produced in 2005.
The standard redox potential of sodium persulfate into hydrogen sulfate is 2.1 V, which is higher than that of hydrogen peroxide (1.8 V) but lower than ozone (2.2 V).
The sulfate radical formed in situ has a standard electrode potential of 2.7 V.
However, there are a few drawbacks in utilizing platinum anodes to produce the salts; the manufacturing process is inefficient due to oxygen evolution and the product could contain
contaminants coming from platinum corrosion (mainly due to extremely oxidizing nature of the sulfate radical). Thus, boron-doped diamond electrodes have been proposed as alternatives
to the conventional platinum electrodes.
Applications
It is mainly used as a radical initiator for emulsion polymerization reactions for styrene based polymers such as Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene.
Also applicable for accelerated curing of low formaldehyde adhesives.
Other uses
It is a bleach, both standalone (particularly in hair cosmetics) and as a detergent component. It is a replacement for ammonium persulfate in etching mixtures for zinc and printed
circuit boards, and is used for pickling of copper and some other metals.
It is also used as a soil conditioner and for soil and groundwater remediation and in manufacture of dyestuffs, modification of starch, bleach activator, desizing agent for oxidative
desizing, etc.
Organic chemistry
Sodium persulfate is a specialized oxidizing agent in chemistry, classically in the Elbs persulfate oxidation and the Boyland–Sims oxidation reactions. It is also used in radical
reactions; for example in a synthesis of diapocynin from apocynin where iron(II) sulfate is the radical initiator
Synonyms:
Sodium peroxodisulfate
Sodium peroxodisulphate
Sodium peroxydisulfate
Sodium peroxydisulphate
Sodium persulfate
Cas 7775-27-1
Sodium peroxydisulfate
Sodium peroxodisulfate
Disodium peroxodisulphate
Peroxydisulfuric acid, disodium salt
sodium persulphate
UNII-J49FYF16JE
Persulfate de sodium [French]
EINECS 231-892-1
Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), disodium salt
Persulfate de sodium
Sodium peroxydisulphate
Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), sodium salt (1:2)
Peroxydisulfuric acid ([(HO)S(O)2]2O2), sodium salt (1:2)
Sodium persulfate, MFCD00003501, sodium peroxidisulfate, Sodium peroxy disulfate, Na2S2O8, Sodium persulfate [UN1505] [Oxidizer], Sodium persulfate [UN1505] [Oxidizer],
disodium [(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanide, Sodium persulfate , [(Sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxydanide de disodium [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], 231-892-1 [EINECS], 7775-27-1 [RN],
Dinatrium-[(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanid [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name] Disodium [(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanide [ACD/IUPAC Name], Disodium peroxodisulphate, Persulfate de sodium
[French], Sodium peroxodisulfate, SODIUM PEROXYDISULFATE, DISODIUM PEROXODISULFATE, disodium sulfato sulfate,disodium sulfonatooxy sulfate,disodium;sulfonatooxy sulfate, EINECS 231-892-1,
Peroxydisulfuric acid, disodium salt, Persulfate de sodium [French], persulfato de sódio [Portuguese],sodium peroxydisulphate, Sodium persulfate [UN1505] [Oxidizer], Sodium persulphate,
sodiumpersulfate,sodyum per sülfat, sodyumpersülfat,sodyum persülfat, sodyumpersülfate,sodyum,per,sülfat,sülfate,sodium, persulfate, sodium persülfat, sodium persülfate
Disodium peroxodisulphate
SODIUM PERSULPHATE
Translated names
Dinaatriumperoksodisulfaat/naatriumpersulfaat (et)
Dinatrijev peroksodisulfat/natrijev persulfat (hr)
Dinatrio peroksodisulfatas/natrio persulfatas (lt)
Dinatriumperoksodisulfaatti/natriumpersulfaatti (fi)
Dinatriumperoxodisulfaat/natriumpersulfaat (nl)
dinatriumperoxodisulfat/natriumpersulfat (da)
Dinátrium-peroxo-diszulfát/nátrium-perszulfát (hu)
Dinātrija peroksodisulfāts/nātrija persulfāts (lv)
Disodium peroxodisulphate/Sodium persulphate (no)
Natriumpersulfat/Natriumperoxidisulfat (sv)
Peroksodisiarczan disodu/Nadsiarczan sodu (pl)
Perossodisolfato di disodio/Persolfato di sodio (it)
Perossodisulfat tad-disodju/Persulfat tas-sodju (mt)
Peroxodissulfato de dissódio/Persulfato de sódio (pt)
Peroxodisulfat disodic/Persulfat de sodiu (ro)
Peroxodisulfate de disodium/persulfate de sodium (fr)
Peroxodisulfato de disodio/persulfato de sodio (es)
peroxodisíran disodný/persulfát sodný (sk)
peroxodisíran sodný (cs)
Υπερθειικό νάτριο (el)
Динатриев пероксодисулфат/натриев персулфат (bg)
CAS names
Peroxydisulfuric acid ([(HO)S(O)2]2O2), sodium salt (1:2)
IUPAC names
disodium [(sulfonato peroxy)sulfonyl] oxidanide
Disodium [(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidamide
Disodium [(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanide
Disodium persulfate
disodium sulfanotooxy sulfate
disodium sulfonatooxy sulfate
disodium {[(oxidooxy)sulfonyl]oxy}sulfonate
disodium;sulfonatooxy sulfate
Peroxydisulfuric Acid Disodium Salt
peroxydisulfuric acid, dipotassium salt
Sodium peroxodisulfate, Disodium persulfate, Sodium persulfate, Peroxydisulfuric acid disodium salt
Sodium peroxydisulfate
Sodium Persulfate
Sodiumpersulphate
Trade names
Sodium peroxodisulfate
SPS
Sodium peroxodisulfate; disodium peroxodisulphate; disodium oxidooxysulfonyl sulfate; Disodium [(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanide; disodium sulfonatooxy sulfate, Peroxydisulfuric acid,
disodium salt
Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Persulfate are inorganic salts used as oxidizing agents in hair bleaches and hair-coloring preparations. Persulfates are contained in hair lighteners
at concentrations up to 60%, in bleaches and lighteners at up to 22% and 16%, respectively, and in off-the-scalp products used to highlight hair strands at up to 25%. They are used in
professional product bleaches and lighteners at similar concentrations. Much of the available safety test data are for Ammonium Persulfate, but these data are considered applicable to
the other salts as well. Acute dermal, oral, and inhalation toxicity studies are available, but only the latter are remarkable, with gross lesions observed in the lungs, liver, stomach,
and spleen. In short-term and subchronic feeding studies the results were mixed; some studies found no evidence of toxicity and others found local damage to the mucous membrane in the
gastrointestinal tract, but no other systemic effects. Short-term inhalation toxicity was observed when rats were exposed to aerosolized Ammonium Persulfate at concentrations of 4 mg/m3
and greater. Ammonium Persulfate (as a moistened powder) was not an irritant to intact rabbit skin, but was sensitizing (in a saline solution) to the guinea pig. It was slightly
irritating to rabbit eyes. Ammonium Persulfate was negative in the Ames test and the chromosomal aberration test. No significant evidence of tumor promotion or carcinogenicity was
observed in studies of rats receiving topical applications of Ammonium Persulfate. The persulfates were reported to cause both delayed-type and immediate skin reactions, including
irritant dermatitis, allergic eczematous dermatitis, localized contact urticaria, generalized urticaria, rhinitis, asthma, and syncope. The most common causes of allergic dermatitis
in hairdressers are the active ingredients in hair dyes, and Ammonium Persulfate has been identified as a frequent allergen. A sensitization study that also examined the incidence of
urticarial reactions was performed with 17.5% Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Persulfate under occlusive patches. At this concentration and exposure conditions, a mixture of these
Persulfates was not sensitizing, and application of Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Persulfate did not result in an urticarial reaction. In normal use (i.e., not occluded and rinsed off),
it was expected that a concentration greater than 17.5% would also be safe. Given the clinical reports of urticarial reactions, however, manufacturers and formulators should be aware
of the potential for urticarial reactions at concentrations of Persulfates greater than 17.5%. Based on the available data, the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel concluded
that Ammonium, Potassium, and Sodium Persulfate are safe as used as oxidizing agents in hair colorants and lighteners designed for brief discontinuous use followed by thorough rinsing
from the hair and skin.
